Sociology 2

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family

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2 or more persons

excludes non-marital relationships

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nuclear family

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consists of at least one parent and one child

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extended family

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the parent-child family and other relatives

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family development theory

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considers how family's differ or evolve at various stages, from early marriage through to old age

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separate spheres

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the family, as a unit of economic corporation, traditionally divides its line according to the sex and gender of family members

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exogamy

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marriage outside of ones social group

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endogamy

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marriage within ones social group

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deviance

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behavior, ideas, or attributes that some people in society - though not necessarily all people - find OFFENSIVE, WRONG, IMMORAL, SINFUL, EVIL, STRANGE, or DISGUSTING

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an act is deviant if...

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1. a social norm is held and widely accepted
2. violation of normative behavior (or social norm)
3. social reaction to the deviance

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absolutism

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...all human behavior can be considered either inherently good or inherently bad (evil)

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relativism

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...deviance is socially created by collective human judgments and ideas

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structural functionalism

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how deviance can be a good thing - theoretical perspective that post that social institutions are structured to maintain STABILITY and ORDER in society

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strain theory

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deviance occurs when culturally approved goals cannot be achieved by culturally approved means

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differential association theory

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people who learn deviant patterns of behavior from those whom they ASSOCIATE on a regular basis: friends, family members, peers

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labeling theory

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states that deviance is the consequence of the application of ruse and sanctions to an offender; a "Deviant" is an individual who has been successfully labeled as such

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criminalization

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defining an act of deviance as an actual crime

defining problematic behaviors as illegal acts requiring punishment

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medicalization

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behavior defined as a medical problem (or illness) that requires treatment

problematic behaviors as medical problems that requires treatment

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stratification

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structured system of ranking entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and life chances in society

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social class

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group of people who share a similar economic position in society, based on WEALTH and INCOME

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social mobility

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movement of people or groups from one social class to another

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poverty line

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government calculation- amount of yearly income a family needs to meet its basic needs

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poverty rate

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percentage of U.S. residents whose income falls below the poverty line

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structural functionalism (social class & inequality)

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because stratification is found in most societies, it would propose that its somehow necessary

(fewer skills, less rewards/specific skill, higher rewards)

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conflict theory

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argues that inequality is a reflection of unequal distribution of POWER and RESOURCES

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capitalists

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bourgeoisie (boss)

owns the means of production

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workers

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proletariat

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"False consciousness"

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where people in lower classes come to accept a belief system that prevents REVOLUTION

"I'm poor because I didn't try hard enough, NOT because there are STRUCTURAL BARRIERS that prevent me from being successful and wealthy

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race

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category of individuals labeled and treated as similarly because of common BIOLOGICAL traits, such as skin; color & texture of hair; shape of facial features

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ethnicity

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NON-BIOLOGICAL traits, such as shared ancestry culture, history, language, patterns of behavior, and beliefs that provide members of a group with a sense of COMMON IDENTITY

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symbolic interactionism

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way of explaining society and social structure by examining the micro level persona, day-to-day exchanges of people as individuals, pairs, or groups

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cross-cultural research (race & ethnicity)

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varies across different cultures and across time

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symbolic interactionist

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ways of thinking about race by considering what it is like to LIVE OUT our lives - to interact with others - according to our race

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stereotype

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overgeneralized BELIEF that a certain TRAIT, behavior/attitude characterizes ALL members of some identifiable group

..we learn this

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prejudice

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rigidly held, UNFAVORABLE ATTITUDES, BELIEFS, and FEELINGS about members of a different group, based on social characteristics such as race, ethnicity, or gender

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discrimination

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UNFAIR TREATMENT of people based on some social characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, or sex

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racism

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BELIEF that humans are subdivided into distinct groups based on race that are different in their social behavior and innate capacities and therefore can be RANKED

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institutional racism

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established LAWS, CUSTOMS, and PRACTICES that systematically reflect and produce racial inequalities in society

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affirmative action

affirmative action programs

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fights institutional racism

(programs) gov't policy that requires organizations to seek out members of a minority group and women for EDUCATIONAL or OCCUPATIONAL positions from which they had previously been EXCLUDED

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sexism

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a system of beliefs that asserts the inferiority of ones sex and justifies gender-based inequality

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objectification

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being treated as an object rather than a person

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intimate power

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traditional conceptions of POWER and INFLUENCE privilege male partners - so we end up equating being powerful with being male

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patriarchy

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male-dominated society in which cultural beliefs and values give higher prestige and value to men than to women

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"doing gender"

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routine way we express our gender in every day interactions

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symbolic space

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feminine - legs crossed, arms folded,shoulders rounded, restrictive clothing

masculine - expansive gait, open sitting position, broad shoulders, non-restrictive clothing

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"doing gender" communication patterns that are associated with women

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tag questions
modifiers
disclaimers

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people who have more ____ are more successful in resisting deviant labels (labeling theory)

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power