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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociology
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-the scientific study of human social activity
-uses the scientific method -why do people do what they do? -interested in what humans do if humans do it, sociologists study it. |
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Auguste Comte
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1858 sociologist
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3 main sociological theories
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structural functional
social conflict symbolic interacting |
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structural functional=every society is built up of ____, which are....
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structures.
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structures
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-relatively stable patterns of behavior can be sm. behavioral structures(shake hand) to larger structures.
-have to have some degree of predictability for society to continue. -each structure benefits society in some important way. -stability is key-stable society is good society/ -role of sociologists-independent structure and function -function that was intended -unintended consequences |
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social conflict
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-inequality is the root cause of conflict between people.
-group that has more or less. -those w/less will fight to get more. -those w/more will fight to keep -power diffs=more likely to take positions |
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symbolic interaction
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micro level. small group interaction
-how ppl talk to eachother. -reality: we create reality and shape others reality. -shape others when rules arent there |
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social research methods
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survey
experiments participant observation/field work content analysis |
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surveys
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most common research
problems=ppl aren't always truthful, no answer, worded ?s & no appropriate answer/dont care |
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participant observation
(field work) |
-researcher becomes part of the activity
-gives a sense of what it feels like to be a part of a spec. group -researcher loses objectivity & feels he is part of group |
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participant observation cont..
chagnon: man called "b" |
studying the ycnomamo.
-they thought he was irritating -finding names are troublesome--have unique name based on skill -dont talk about dead ppl -probs solved in public violence. 1st to run away loses. |
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Experiments
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-done in soc. activity
-isolate ind v. to measure effects on dep v. |
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experimental group
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exposed to independent variables
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control group
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not exposed to independent variable
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hawthorne effect
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people change their answers.
-presence of researcher effects the outcome |
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content analysis
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researchers look @ already existing data.
i.e.=historical records |
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operationalization
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process of defining a concept to make it measureable
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independent variable
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what you change
factors that influence the behavior |
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dependent variable
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what you measure
your behavior. |
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characteristics of soc. stratification...
universal |
found in every single society
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characteristics of soc. stratification...
variable -closed system -open system |
class based- class systems, slavery.
-persists over generations -class system =, 1 can change position in hierarchy. -soc mobility |
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characteristics of soc. stratification...
ideology |
all systems supported by it
helps make sense of it/accept it. |
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weber
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german sociologist
-took interest in what marx's belief that capitalism has 2 classes. class=income status=occupation power=over others in workplace(setting). socioeconimic status=ses. occupation, highest level of education, income |
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correlation
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relationship b/t the variables (cant 100% know why ppl do what they do)
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spurious correlation
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looks like theres a correlation between variables, but its a false relationship.
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culture
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value, beliefs, behavior, technology that define a groups way of life.
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material culture
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society's technology used to make life better
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ideational culture
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non material
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symbols
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anythign that carries meaning for people
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language
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system of symbols strung together that allows people to communicate
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cultural transmissions
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spreading of culture from 1 generation to another
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sapir-warf hypothesis
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(linguists) people understand the world through the language and that they speak
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values
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cultural standards about whats good/bad
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norms
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expected behaviors in any given situation.
-guide behavior on how to act in dif situations |
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mores
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rules people feel strongly about
-encoded laws |
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folkways
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what is considered polite behavior
break a folkway=rude |
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theories on the origin of prejudice and racism...
socialization |
idea that prejudice behaviors are learned from friends, family, media...
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theories on the origin of prejudice and racism...
scapegoating |
putting blame on someone else
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theories on the origin of prejudice and racism...
authoritarian personality |
some personality types are more..submissive to authority figures, they do not question.
-fear of foreigners -seeing issues as right or wrong. no ambiguity |
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subculture
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smaller groups
-has distinct cultural patterns. -make them diff from other ppl in that society |
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ethnocentrism
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act of judging another culture by the standards of your own culture.
-superiority of your own culture |
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cultural relativism
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judging another culture by its own standard
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socialization
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lifelong process through which we learn the patterns of our culture.
-what we do/learn from others...lifelong & ongoing. |
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agents of socialization refers to
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- a person or group of ppl who function to socialize others.
-teach norms ex. fam, school, friends, media, workplace, military |
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status
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any recognized social position
who we are in relation to others, its recognized, most people know what their status means |
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ascribed status
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those you are born w/ or those you acquire during normal life process
ex- race, sex, age. usually don't change much. |
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achieved status
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those you earn.
-have to put out degree of effort to earn it. ex- college student, job, friend/romantic partners, parent. |
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role strain
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person can't fulfill all of the expectations of 1 status b/c there are too many
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role conflict
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2 or more statuses that have conflicting expectations
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thomas theorem
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-doesn't matter if its true, if its believed to be, it is.
-situations that are defined as real have real consequences. |
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Goffman: Dramaturgical analysis
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comparison of sociological interaction to a theatrical performance
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presentation of self
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goal to manipulation of audience
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front vs back regions
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front-where performance is put on
back- area where audience doesn't see |
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Social stratification
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• study of inequality
• now societies are organized • all are organized in some type of hierarchy • found in every society • it's variable |
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Davis Moore
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• structural functional theory
• why jobs are stratified |
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Marx: Proletariat
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workers
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Marx: bourgeoisie
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capitalists own means of production increase in profitability for a very small group
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Federal Poverty Level
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• people whose income is below a set amount are considered poor those above that household threshold arent
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Absolute Poverty
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• absence ofnresources necessary for survival, no clean h2o, medicine etc
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Relative poverty
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some people considered poor in relation to others in that society
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explanations of poverty
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• Characteristics of poor people themselves, look at behaviors and decisions of poor people
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Explanations of poverty: individual
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• characteristics of poor people have a distinct subculture
• suggests poor people perpetuate their poverty • because of the way they act live etc |
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Explanations of poverty: structural
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look at factors beyond individuals control
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Race
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• set of biologically transmitted characteristics that have social significance society created
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Ethnicity
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• a shared cultural heritage
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Minority
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• members of a group share physical and cultural characteristics exp. Discrimination
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Socialization
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• racist/ prejudice ideas come from family, friends, media. Media is particularly influential especially for people who don't have interactions with other groups
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Scapegoating
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• putting blame on somebody else
• effective in getting people put put their anger out on someone else |
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Cultural theory
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• when you grow up in that particular society, that society has enemenies
• kids learn what good and bad guys are depends on culture |
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Authoritarian personality
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• adorno - holocaust survivor who found some personality types that are apt to be prejudice
• authoritarians are submissive to authority leaders, sees issues as either right/ wrong • xenophobia - fear of strangers/ foreigners • they feel threatened by people who are different than them • root of this personality is the way their raised, emphasis on obedience not much love |
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Role
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• set of expectations linked to a status
• i.e. Mom - provider, has kids, responsible, nurturing |
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Status set
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• collection of all the status a person holds at the same time
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