Sociology 122 Race Relations

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01) Marriage is legally consderably the

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best way for 2 human beings to get together and learn one another.

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02) interracial marriage: even though interraicial marriage in the U.S. has increased in terms of population it is still:

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THE EXECPTION & NOT THE RULE!

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03) Interracial marriage is a

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"social integrator in many ways. It literally gives definition to hte terms "" assimilation"" and ""accomodation""

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- ex: say 80% of the marriages were interracial, this would take a great deal of assimlation and high integration and a low rate would be the opposite of this."

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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04) Ant-mesigination (1661)

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"Laws outlawing interracial marriages.

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b) Alabama took it out of their books in 2000."

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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05) Interracial marriage: Some of the main changes happened after

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WWII

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06) 1980: All married couples that were interracial in U.S. included

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1.30%

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07) Interracial marriage: 2004 interracial census statistics included

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3.70%

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08) Interracial marriage: Largest number of interracial marriage is

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"a) between white and another race

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-2004 - 69%"

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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09) Factors determining interracial marriage:

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"a) Sex Ratio - 50/50

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f) Age"

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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10) Interracial marriage: Native Americans are the

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smallest group and are more prone to marrying outside of their group

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11) Endigamy

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"marry within your group.

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b) racial endigamy is NOT only a social custom, but a legalized one."

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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12) Summary of Interracial Marriages:

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"a) Typical person in the U.S. is a white person w/ non-white spouse.

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e) Why? THere exist traditions and cultural implications that almost force one to marry in theire ethnic backgrounds."

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01) Interrracial and Interethnic Marriages

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01) What is the American dream in terms of housing?

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Owning your own Home

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02) How do you plan to own your own home?

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"a) Education

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c) Save Money"

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02) Housing

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03) Before the 1900s, people did not lead such segregated lives because

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"along the terms of economy:

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b) Migration of African Americans from the south to the north and midewest, after WWI and WII, during the industrial era"

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02) Housing

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04) How did people intentionally create segreation?

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"a) personal choices

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Everything is connected from housing to American dream to schooling to graduation rate to pay. EVERYTHING!"

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02) Housing

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05) What do you have to do to buy a house?

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"Find the house you want through:

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d) internet"

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02) Housing

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06) Steering

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if you call in a real estate agency, and you sound black, then they'll "steer" you towards a BLACK neighborhood

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07) Covenants:

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"a) Appearance

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b) Uniformity"

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02) Housing

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08) housing segregation:

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"started by writing a table on the board of the factors that contribute to housing segregation:

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e) Segregation"

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02) Housing

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09) Housing Segregation: Index of dissimlarity ( 0 - 1) or (0 - 100)

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"a) if we went all the way to 100, it's all the way to complete segregation.

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c) Whites are comfortable living in an area w/ an index of 20"

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02) Housing

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10) Housing Segregation: Choice / Preference least affects

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"what sociology claims to determin House Segregation

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c) Highway construction"

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02) Housing

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11) House Segregation: Real Estate Industry

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a) Racial Steering: IF you call an agent, and you say you want to look at some houses, what they will of ten do based on your race is show you home s in neighborhoods of your race i.e. they push you in a certiain direction based on race. This happens because of the consensus tha tif you are white, then you don't want to live in a black dominated neighborhood b/c the home value wil go down.

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12) House Segregation: Red Lining

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City maps drawn on w/ red lines in areas where they were less likely to give loans for homes and green lines around areas where it was good. Illegal, but still goes on.

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13) Construction of highways thorugh cities splitting neighborhoods

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"a) Most whites are out of inner city

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d) As a result of this, there were very few jobs for them ( having professionals from outside the city in the suburbs. ) People in the city weren't uqalified ( mis-match theory )"

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02) Housing

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14) Zoning

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"Determone how many people can occupy a unit

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c)40 yr constant segregation"

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02) Housing

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15) How dod we make the connection btw housing segregation and education?

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The higher the property taxes, the better funded the eudacaiton system around that place becomes.

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16) Housing Segregation and education: Affirmative action

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"ended up helping women more tha nit did minorites..

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-women could also be minorities"

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02) Housing

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01) Admission process for school:

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It has literally become much harder for white males to go to school at UNC-Chapel NC because of the amount of different races/ genders being accpeted

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01) Who is Duke Cheston?

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"White

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Bio Major"

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a) hidden consequences: the real results of affirmative action in education

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02) Hidden Consequences: Critical Thinking Skills

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"Purpose - Explain the real results of affirmative action

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f) Inter- group relations ( race/ethnic)"

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a) hidden consequences: the real results of affirmative action in education

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01) Stratification in Sociology means

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inequality.

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02) All social insitutions are

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intertwined and dependent upon one another

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03) In any society, there are conservatives in the sense of

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"slow to change."

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04) We know what we know because of

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what we have learned from our families

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05) How do we find out if there is racisim and discrimination within our social insitutions?

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"We find out by proxy measures:

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f) health"

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01) Stratification

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06) Proxy rates look at these measures

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"a) money

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and see how they differ by racial grooup"

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01) Stratification

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01) The U.S. has the highest

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intermarriage rate out of all industrialized countries.

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02) 90% of us will be

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married one day.

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03) In 2004, 3.65% of married couples in the U.S. were

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interrracial.

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04) Interracial and interethnic marriages have increased recently because of

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immigration and integration of public schools.

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05) Interracial and interethnic marriages have

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caused us to be required not to discriminate in jobs so all positions are open to any race with a higher education.

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06) Interracial and interethnic marriages result in children who are

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more likely themselves to be in a mixed marriage.

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07) Intermarriage between minority groups is

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more unlikely than intermarriage between the majority and the minority.

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08) Whites and African Americans have the lowest

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intermarriage rates among all of these minority groups.

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09) The most common intermarriage between minority groups

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is between African Amerian and whites (70%) is a black man and a white wife.

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10) Asian women are much more likely to

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intermarry than Asian men because many were war brides

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11) U.S. born Hispanics and Asian

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foreign born whites and blacks are more likely to to intermarry than foreign born hispanics and Asians and U.S. born whites and blacks.

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12) Sex Ratio in the U.S. is

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the number of males per female in the population ( now 104 boys to every 100s girls.

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13) By the time a baby has reached 1 yr of age,

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the sex ratio switches because boy infants have a higher infant mortality rate than girl infants.

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14) Marrying age -

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25 for women and for men ( sex ratio varies greatly among racial groups)

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15) Interracial marriage rate is

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inversely related to the size of the group

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16) Specifically, the smaller the group the

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more likely they are to marry across ethnic lines. andin this case whites are the least likely to marry across the race and native americans are most likely to marry across the race.

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17) The racial group that is most skewed is

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African Americans ( more women than men because most are in jail. )

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18) Ultimate assilmilation would be

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"to marry across an ethnic group because by doing so, you are erasing the purity of any one group.

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This would void out the lines between ethnic groups because they are all mixed together."

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02) Family

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19) The expectations of the majority group do not encourage intermarriage,

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but encourage assilmilation.

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20)______was illegal for many years

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intermarriage.

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21) In the past, these laws were imposed

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anti-miscegenation laws.

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22) Anti miscengenation laws

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"a) forbid marriage between races

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- reason was b/c a white and black couple from VA were arrested, convicted and suspended from VA for 25yrs. They went to D.C. to get this wrong righted. At the time, 16 states had to take this law out of the books, but Alabama didn't until 2000."

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02) Family

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23) It matters whether you are married or not married as adults because

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"there are many incentives for being married

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In other words the government encourages people to marry legally."

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02) Family

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01) Neighborhoods are very

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segregated.

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02) There used to be convenants only

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allowing specific racial groups to live in certain neighborhoods.

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03) The best way to build wealth in the U.S. is

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"by taking out a mortgage and buying a home

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b) people pay for college by taking out a loan from the equity of their home."

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03) Housing

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04) Buying a home is

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very important for a family's wealth.

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05) Home mortgage is opened up to

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many more people 5-6 years ago

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06) All of these ______ are interconnected by institutionalized racism

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"a) housing,

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c) marriage"

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03) Housing

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07) Graphical Overview of Race/Ethnic Relations in U.S.

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"Ethnocentrism - Paternalistic

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social change separation"

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03) Housing

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08) Recap of Intermarriage

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"a) By intermarrying the demographics are changed

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n) The girl children are either aborted or sent to orphanages."

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03) Housing

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09) Housing: There is a tremenedous effect on the

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Rashomon Perspective

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10) The index of disimilarity is

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measured on a scale from 0-100 or 0-10

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11) 0 is total integration

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racial and ethnic groups are proportional to the whole population.

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12) 100 or 10 would

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be complete segregation

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13) Current facts in the U.S.

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"Whites live in neighborhoods that are over 80% White

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Hispanics live in neighborhoods that are 40% Hispanic."

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03) Housing

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14) Individual explanatoins for housing situations

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"a) Individual Choice

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c) Literal Discriimination"

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03) Housing

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15) After the 40s during WWII, many men came back and married and had children and needed a place to live

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"a) Few places to live in the urban areas

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h) The beginnings of suburbia occured when people moved out of uran areas"

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03) Housing

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16) Public Policy

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"restricted covenants

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d) Ex: You can only put up certain kinds of fences in certain neighborhoods ( wooden or white picket, not chain linked)"

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03) Housing

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17) Private practices/ industries that discriminated

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"a) real estate

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c) appraisal industry"

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03) Housing

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18) Real estate

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"the following discriminatory practices have been outlawed by now.

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a) One practice that was used for segregation was "" racial steering"" (showing poeple houses in certain areas based on their ethnic or racial group)."

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03) Housing

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19) Block Busting

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occurred when real estate agents would go into neighborhoods and request people who were moving out to sell their houses to them. The real estate companies would turn right around and sell the house to a minority buyer and make more money. It is illegal, but it still happens.

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20) Banking industries and lending institutions

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"a) ""redlining"" happened when bank officials would get a map of a city and draw red and green lines around certain areas.

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c) If they lived in the red area, they wouldnn't get a loan/ In theory, it was a way to cover losses from the bank, but really just segregated races out."

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03) Housing

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21) Appraisal Industry

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a) housing in a green area would be appraised differntly than housing in a red area because where a house is mattters more than what a hous is

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22) Fair Housing Act

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supposed to get rid of housing in a green area being appraised differently than housing in red areas, but this still exists.

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23) In Chapel Hill, the median cost of a house is over 300,000dollars

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"a) This price cuts out a large number of people who can afford to live here

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b) The custodial staff here can't afford o live in the city so they relocate to Carrboro, Pittsborough, or Hillsborough."

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03) Housing

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24) Adjustable Rate Mortgage was

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introduced equally for people who normally couldn't get a home (people are defaulting now)

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25) Detroit is the most segregated area with an

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integration/segregation index of 80%

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26) There has been a dramatic increase in

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housing payments

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27) The government is tryting to get

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lending industries to work with peple they gave loans to, but industries will lose money if that happens.

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28) Right now, eespecially with homes valued at 250,000 and above,

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there are more houses available than can really be sold.

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29) When the middle class defaults,

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the industry is in trouble

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30) You are allowed to take interest

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off mortgages from tax income.

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31) Most importantly, you can use the equity on your

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home to get a loan to pay for college.

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32) The benefits of owning your own home

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keep increasing.

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33) If minorities and the poor are least likely to buy into nice homes,

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they are not going ot get a good education.

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34) Wealth makes a tremendous difference for

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children and the education they will recieve.

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01) traditions

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"a) there is a law stating that you have to be in school from ages 4-16

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b) there is an increasing need for getting an education at an early age."

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B. Education and INsitutionalized Discrimination

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02) Causes of segregated schools:

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"a) Pubic Education is supposed to serve everyone

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l) graduating rates:"

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B. Education and INsitutionalized Discrimination

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03) Education depends on

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parental education and social class

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04) Students with ext remely high grades or

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low grades get attention but average students get ignored.

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05) A college now equates to

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what a high school diploma was about 50 years ago

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06) the is a sense among U,S. citizens that affirmative action

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should be done away with.