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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Third World
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1. Large agricultural working population
2. Reliance on a very limited number of raw materials 3. Poor living conditions/ low education/ high illiteracy 4. Colonial experience |
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Development
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Desirable social and economic production
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Industrialization
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Development of an economic base for increasing production
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Modernization
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Industrialization and cultural changes
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Westernization
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Industrialization and the adoption of Western cultures
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Modernization Theory
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1. All countries start from a point of undevelopment
2. Internal problems are the reason for the lack of development 3. Undeveloped countries should learn from the developed countries |
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Dependency Theory
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Underdevelopment emerged as a result of developed nation's exploitation. To develop, third world countries must cut ties with developed nations.
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Weak Dependency
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While international exploitation is the most significant factor, internal structural problems such as military domination, corruption, and hyper-stratification are also internal
In some situations dependency is beneficial for development |
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World Systems Theory
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1. Like dependency theory, external relationships determine the level of development
2. Trimodal systems- sees the entire world as a single system in which we can distinguish core, semi-periphery, and periphery nations. 3. The dynamics- each nation at least has a potential to move back and forth in the tri-modal system 4. Development is not possible for all nations at a given time |
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Dimensions of Development
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1. Economic- production, GDP, per-capita income,
2. Distribution- income equality 3. Social- measured by infant mortality rate, literacy rate, life expectancy, cultural opportunity 4. Political- responsive and representative, non- repressive |
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Import Substitution
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A trade and economic policy based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products
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Industrialization Frenzy
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Resources toward industrial development at the expense of other areas like farming
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Core
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Developed Countries
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Semi-periphery
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In the middle (semi-developed countries)
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Periphery
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Undeveloped Countries
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Salaula
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-Picker of clothing/ the middle man that sells the used clothing from rich nation to the people in smaller markets like Zambia
-Disturbs the internal textile industry |
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World Bank
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International Bank for Reconstruction and Development: a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments
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IMF
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The IMF was set up to help stabilize world currencies, lower trade barriers, and help developing nations pay their debts
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Debt Crisis
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Any situation in which a country, usually a developing country, finds itself unable to service its debts
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Structural Adjustment Programs (1980s)
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1. To pay of debt, many nations borrowed more
2. Loans accompanied conditions 3. Without competitive industry, these policies did not help a nation's development, while further weakening existing economic sectors 4. Net reverse flow of money |
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HIPC Initiative
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Heavily indebted poor countries initiative- they write off the portion of debt if the debt is more than 2x a counties export earnings.
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Absolute Poverty
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Chronic outset of basic necessities ( food, clothing, shelter)
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Relative Poverty
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Unable to live up to the standard of living in a given country
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Consolidated Democracy
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political condition in which democracy becomes the only game in town. All parties give in and find that democracy is the only option.
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African Renaissance
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Hope and Optimism in the 1990's.
1. Open Economy 2. Multi-party political system with elections |
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Globalization
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A social process in which the constraints of geography or social arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding.
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Race to the Bottom
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Lure Multinational Corporations to come and offer cheap labor to reduce unemployment.
-Who will work for the cheapest? |
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Niche Participation
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Each nation's economy finds some part(s) of the production process they can perform better or cheaper.
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Sweatshops
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Workplaces that violate more than one federal or state labor law, such as minimum wage, child labor, overtime, and safety.
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Child Bonded Labor
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Children are forced to work for low wages to pay off parent's debt
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Cultural Imperialism
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Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting, distinguishing, separating, or artificially injecting the culture of one society into another
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Cultural Hybridization
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Something is taken on by a country but altered.
example: McDonalds in India |
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Legitimacy Crisis
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Heightening doubt about the ability of the political authority to control
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Glocalization
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Think globally, act locally.
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What characteristics do third world countries tend to share?
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1. large agricultural working population
2. Reliance on a very limited number of raw materials 3. Poor living conditions/ low education/ high illiteracy 4. Colonial roots |
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What are the six criteria for Democracy?
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1. Free fair elections with equality in voting
2. Inclusive citizenship- equal human rights 3. Freedom of expression 4. Freedom of association 5. Rule of law. Authority operates under the law 6. Civilian control of security forces. The armed forces must be politically neutral and controlled by civil authority |
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What is the doctrine of comparative advantage?
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A certain country being good at producing one product, and trading that product with another country specializing in another product.
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How many people in the world live on less than $2 a day? $1 a day?
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2.8 billion live on less than $2 per day 1.2 billion Live on less than $1 per day
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Three viewpoints on globalization: hyper-globalism, scepticism, post-scepticism
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hyper-globalism:
1. Global connection 2. Global Similarity 3. Cultural homogenization scepticism 1. "Globalization is not as influential as hyper-globalists lead us to believe" 2. Continued roles of nation-states post-scepticism 1. Neither of the above two captures the complexity of globalization 2. coexistence between global and sub-global spaces |
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Why was the HIPC initiative ineffective?
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1. Many countries were excluded be the eligibility criteria
2. Only a fraction of debt was forgiven 3. These countries had to borrow more than the amount that was forgiven to keep the economy going |
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Why do sweatshops and child labor continue to exist?
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1. cheap labor for profits
2. Flexible labor to deal with globalization 3. Poverty 4. Culture (obligation to work) 5. Lack of educational and economic opportunities |
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Why is Benin seen as the role model of democratic transition in Africa in the 1990's?
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There was no bloodshed
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Conditions of hunger
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1. World hunger is not the result of insufficient food production
2. Now we have enough food for 120% of the world pop on a veg diet. 3. Famine in not reason for hunger 4. World hunger is not caused be overpopulation 5. Hunger in the 2nd half of the 20th century: 450 million dead 6. Today 250,000 children die from inadequate diets |
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Hunger as a political condition
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1. created in the process of political and economic exploitation and maintained by the political noninterference.
2. Cost of hunger is estimated to be 16 million a year because political people ingot the hunger problem and take them to the hospital rather than feeding. |
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Why did most African governments take on autocratic forums after independence?
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1. Diversity within a nation
2. Pre-established administration structures 3. Economic difficulties 4. International powers |
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Why did many African governments shift from one-party to multi-party "democratic" system in the 1980's and 1990s?
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1. Rise of social protest
2. To pacify the external donors (world bank/ IMF) on whose resources the political elites depended 3. To legitimize incumbent- the leaders used all the power to make sure they would win the multi party system. |
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What are differences between rich and poor democracies?
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Rich/Poor
Developed Slowly/Swiftly Local->National/ National-> Local Separate property and political power/less separate Less Corruption, More civil society/ More Corruption, Less civil society Capitalism preceding electoral democracy/ Capitalism and electoral democracy emerging together |
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What are two differences between democracy in Latin America and in Africa?
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1. In Latin America, three branches of government tended to be established, but the executive was far more powerful than the legislative and the judiciary. These branches were not as firmly established in Africa.
2. In Latin America, democratization emerged in the context of poverty amid plenty. In Africa, poverty without plenty |
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Various levels of democracy in African nations
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1. Consolidated Democracy
-Botswana, South Africa 2. Aspiring Democracy -exibits slow but continuous progress towards democratization -Benin, Ghana, Senegal 3. Semi-Authoritarian States -Nations where the transition to democracy has stalled -Uganda, Zimbabwe 4. Authoritarian States -Nations that are not free and have little prospect for democracy -Chad, Ethiopia 5. Civil War States -Nations in civil war -Angola, Congo, Sudan |
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The U.N. lacks the authority/power to regulate the global economic system. Why?
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1. Power disparity within the U.N.
-five permanent members on the security council 2. Democratic governance within the U.N. -slow 3. Respect the National Sovereignty -The U.N. does not have the authority to overrule the decisions made by national governments |
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What were the effects of the industrialization frenzy?
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1. rural to urban migration
2. Funding for agricultural subsidies cut *many farmers cannot sustain their lives (migrate) 3. Funding for public services cut (Medical and education) |
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"We (Cambodia) cannot compete with China". Why is Cambodia not competitive? List up to four reasons
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1. Cambodia is in a rentier state
2. 90% of its exports are garments 3. Need to maintain working conditions which lowers profit 4. Can't raise prices to compensate 5. China was always provide cheaper options |
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What is medical tourism? Why has it increased? How do sociologists interpret this trend?
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People migrate to other countries to get cheaper surgeries. It has increased because prices are very expensive. Doctors that used to practice here moved to these other places. Many Americans are uninsured. Dependency theorists would view this as exploitation of less developed nations. Modernization theorists would say that these less developed countries should imitate what the more developed countries do.
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What percent of Cambodia's exports are garments? What does this fact tell about Cambodia sociologically speaking?
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90% are garments. This is too large of a percentage to be producing when Cambodia can't compete with more modernized nations.
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Export Processing Zones
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enormous factory compounds with workers' dormitories in nations such as China and Indonesia, which "often operate outside the laws of the country they inhabit" and tend to have ''the most egregious abuses like forced labor and child labor
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