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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Society |
A group of people who share culture and territory.
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Sociology |
The study of the development, structure, and functioning of human society. |
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Auguste Comte |
-Founder of Sociology.
-Sociology should guide social reform. -Social Climate has to be right for change to take place. |
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Herbert Spencer |
-Second Founder of Sociology -Disagreed with Comte -Social reform is non beneficial -"Survival of the Fittest" among generations -Social Darwinism |
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Karl Marx |
-Believed class conflict was key to human history. -Bourgeoisie (rich) vs Proletariat (poor) -Developed the political model of Socialism. (Marxism) -Revolution would lead to a class-less society. |
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Emile Durkheim |
-Pushed for Sociology to be a separate academic discipline -Social Integration -Human behavior can't be understood on its own; Must examine social forces that effect peoples' lives. |
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Max Weber |
-Religion is the central force in social change -Protestant work ethic, deny yourself luxuries and your afterlife will be better. -Had a spirit of capitalism |
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Verstenhen |
To have insight into someone’s situation.
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Social Facts (Durkheim) |
Group patterns or behavior that characterizes a certain group.
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Social Paradigm 1: Symbolic Interaction |
-People use symbols to develop their views of the world and to communicate with one another. -Allows relationships and society to exist -Micro level analysis; looking at something on a 1 to 1 basis; face to face. -Our behaviors depend on the ways we define ourselves and others. |
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Social Paradigm 2: Functional Analysis |
-Society is viewed as a multi-part machine where each part has a job to do. -Macro-level analysis -Manifest: A+B=C (intended) -Latent: A+B=F (Unintended) -Dysfunction: A+B=D (Harmful) |
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Social Paradigm 3: Conflict Theory |
-Views society as composed of groups competing for scarce resources. -Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat. -There is conflict at every level of society -Macro-level analysis |
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Culture: Material and Nonmaterial |
Material: clothes, tattoo, piercings, Disneyland (tangible) Nonmaterial: Veganism, Liberal (abstract) |
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Ethnocentrism |
-How you judge other cultures based on your own. -Typically negative. -Thinking your culture is the best. |
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Cultural Relativism |
-Looking at something from someone else's point of view to better understand why it's part of their culture. -Cultural lens -Variation among societies |
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Culture Shock |
The feeling of disorientation experienced by someone who is suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar culture, way of life, or set of attitudes. |
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Symbols and Symbolic Culture |
Symbols: Something which people attach meaning to and use to communicate Symbolic Culture: Part of material culture, understanding the symbols people use in their culture. |
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Norms |
Expectations or rules for behavior |
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Sanctions: Positive and Negative |
Positive: smile, nod, pat on the back (reward) Negative: speeding ticket, slap (punishment) |
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Folkways and Mores |
Folkways: Norms that are not strictly adhered to Mores: Norms that are strictly enforced because they are though to be essential to core values or the well-being of the group Both vary from culture to culture |
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Subculture and Counterculture |
Subculture: Don't go against the norms we have (Goth) Counterculture: Go against the flow (60's Hippies) |
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Cultural Lag |
Culture takes time to catch up with technological developments, changing attitudes.
Ex. Summer vacation used to line up with the growing season when parents needed their kids' help for agriculture. |
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Taboo |
A social custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.
Ex. Talking about sex |
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Nature vs Nurture |
Nature: Heredity, genes, Biology.
Nurture: Social environment, contact with others, the "tabula rasa"
Tabula Rasa: Blank slate
Ex. Nurture - Give me the offspring of two NBA players, I'll turn him into an NHL player. |
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Socialization: Primary and Continuing |
Primary: Learn the skills to survive. Parents teach these. Language and Life Skills. Continuing: More knowledge necessary to function in society. Learning Masculinity and Femininity. |
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The Looking Glass Self |
-Developed by Charles Horton Cooley -Our self develops through internalizing others’ reaction to us. -We imagine how we appear to those around us. -Self fulfilling prophecy Ex. Keep calling someone a liar and they'll probably start lying to you because it provokes the same response. |
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Jean Piaget and Stages of Reasoning |
1. Sensorimotor (birth to age 2): requires direct contact with the environment, can't think. 2. Preoperational Stage (age 2 to 7): can use symbols, but cannot understand common symbols. 3. Concrete operational stage (age 7 to 12): Understand causation and can see from the other's point of view. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12 and above): capable of abstract thought. |
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Freud and the Personality Development |
Id: Basic drives to seek gratification, pleasure seeking, fulfillment of needs. Ex. Libido (sex drive) Ego: Suppresses the Id to appropriate levels for society. Superego: Conscience. Norms and values we internalize. Acts on the principal of self denial. (Opposite of Id) |
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Paul Elkman and the 6 Basic Emotions |
1. Anger 2. Disgust 3. Fear 4. Happiness 5. Sadness 6. Surprise If you're male you might not show sadness in the form of crying, as it would not be masculine. If you're female, crying may be more socially acceptable. |
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The 6 Major Agents of Socialization |
1. Family 2. Neighborhood 3. Religion 4. Day Care 5. School and Friends 6. Workplace You know how these have effected you. |
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Erving Goffman |
"The most influential American sociologist of the twentieth century"
-Presentation of self Degradation ceremony: Strip away the old identity and put a new one in its place. |
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Family Classifications |
Nuclear: Immediate (mom, dad, bro, sis) Extended: Grandma, Grandpa, Aunt, Uncle Family of Orientation: Family you're raised in Family of Procreation: When couple has first child |
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5 Components of Marriage |
1. Emotional 2. Ceremonial 3. Legal 4. Sexual Faithfulness (exclusivity) 5. Parenting
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P.E.C.SF.L |
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David Olson and Components of a Happy Marriage |
1. Strong communication and intimacy. 2. Handle differences creatively and communicate problems well. 3. Keep family and friends out of it. 4. Partners agree on spiritual belief and money habits. 5. Having alone time and together time |
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Relationship Market |
Compare the personal, social, and financial resources of eligible mates and then bargain for the best they can get. |
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Marriage Gradient |
Pattern where younger women marry older men. |
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Marriage Squeeze |
When men increase in status, they widen their pool of eligibles; when women increase in status, their pool of eligibles becomes narrower.
Not enough partners for everyone.
Effecting African American women and Chinese men. |
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Matching Hypothesis and Exposure Effect |
Matching Hypothesis: people choose partners who are similar in attitudes, intelligence, and attractiveness. (they match) Exposure Effect: The more you are exposed to something, the more likely you are to like it. |
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Cohabitation (5 factors) |
5 Common Factors: More independent, more liberal, less religious, more sex, less income and education.
Seen as an opportunity to try out marriage.
Getting more common. Couples that cohabitate before marriage are more likely to get divorced.
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Status: Ascribed and Achieved |
Ascribed: Assigned at birth or assumed involuntarily later in life. Achieved: Acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen. |
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Social Roles and Social Class |
Roles: What people expect of you, everyone performing together creates a society. Class: Large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income, education, and occupational prestige. |
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Master Status |
The status of greatest importance in someones life. Ex. Which status is more important? Homeowner or Father? |
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Role Conflict and Role Strain |
Conflict: A conflict someone feels between two or more of their roles. Ex. Go to Timmy's game or the business meeting. Strain: A conflict one feels within their role |
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Ethnomethodology (who?) |
-Developed by Harold Garfinkel -Study of how people use common sense understanding to make sense of everyday life.
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Dramaturgy |
Erving Goffman Social life is analyzed in terms of a drama or the stage. Everyone is just adlibbing everything, we have no idea what we're doing. |
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W.I. Thomas Theorem (definition of a situation) and Social Construction |
"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences" Social Construction: the use of background assumptions and life experience to define what is real. Race, Gender, Orientation, and Age are socially constructed. |
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Macro and micro sociology |
We need both macrosociology and microsociology because each focuses on different aspects of the human experience. Both are needed to understand social life.
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Deviance |
Violation of rules or norms Accordingto Howard S. Becker, “It is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act,that makes something deviant.” Deviance is dependent on the norms for that culture. One thing deviant in California may not be deviant in Mississippi. Like marrying your cousin. |
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Differential Association Theory (on deviance) |
Developed by Edwin Sutherland
More interaction with deviance can lead someone to be more deviant themselves. |
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Control Theory |
Angel on one shoulder and Devil on the other. Strong bonds to inner control equals more self control. Depend on our conscious, religions principals, and fear of punishment, etc. |
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Labeling Theory |
Label someone as something they are not and they might turn into a self fulfilling prophecy. Ex. Call someone a liar enough and they'll probably start to lying to you. |
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Routine Activities Theory |
If you put someone with low education and a drug addiction into a low income neighborhood you can probably predict that they will commit a crime. Think of it as a puzzle with several pieces (traits) that creates the whole picture (a crime) |
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Strain Theory |
Sets a goal for everyone to meet but not give everyone the resources to achieve it. Crime is a way around the system to achieve it. |
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Four Deviant Paths |
Innovation: Accept society's goals, but reject socially acceptable means of achieving them.(using crime to achieve) Ritualism: Accept with enthusiasm. Ritualists are most commonly found in dead-end, repetitive jobs, where they are unable to achieve society's goals but still adhere to society's means of achievement and social norms. Retreatism: Rejection of goals and means. True deviance. Rebellion: Rejection of goals and means but also fights back with a pre-existing counter culture. |
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Three Crimes (WC, C, V) |
White Collar: A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation. Nonviolent and financially motivated.
Corporate: A crime committed by a corporation or someone acting on behalf of a corporation.
Victimless: An offense that lacks an identifiable victim. More against society through norms, attitudes, or beliefs. Ex. Smoking marijuana. |
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Five Factors for defining if something is Deviant |
1. Norms 2. Actor 3. Time 4. Place 5. Audience |
N.A.P.T.A. |
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Cloward and Ohlin’s Illegitimate Opportunity Structures
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Type of opportunity available would influence whether individuals might find themselves able to conform to social expectations or become deviant.
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