Sociology 101 Chapert 6 And 7 Quiz!

Front 1

what is a social group?

Back 1

a collection of people who regularly interact with one another on the basis of shared expectations concerning behavior and who share a sense of common identity.

Front 2

what is a social aggregate?

Back 2

a simple collection of people who happen to be together in a particular place, but do not significantly interact or identify with one another.

Front 3

what is a social category?

Back 3

people who share a common characteristic (such as gender or occupation), but do not necessarily interact or identify with one another.

Front 4

what are primary groups?

Back 4

groups that are characterized by intense emotional ties, face to face interaction, intimacy, and a strong, enduring sense of commitment.

Front 5

what are secondary groups?

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Back 5

groups characterized by large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships.

Front 6

what is a organization?

Back 6

a large group of people with a definite set of authority relations.

Front 7

what is a formal organization?

Back 7

a group that is rationally designed to achieve its objectives.

Front 8

what are networks?

Back 8

sets of informal and formal social ties that link people to each other.

Front 9

what is a in group?

Back 9

groups toward which one feels particular loyalty and respect, the groups to which "we" belong.

Front 10

what are out groups?

Back 10

group towards which one feels antagonism and contempt-"those people"

Front 11

what is a reference group?

Back 11

a group that provides a standard for judging ones attitudes or behaviors.

Front 12

what is a DYAD?

Back 12

a group consisting of two people.

Front 13

what is a TRIAD?

Back 13

a group consisting of three persons.

Front 14

what is a bureaucracy?

Back 14

a type of organization marked by a clear hierarchy of authority and the existence of written rules of procedure and staffed by full time salaried officials.

Front 15

what is a ideal type?

Back 15

A "Pure Type" constructed by emphasizing certain traits of a social item that do not necessarily exist in reality.

Front 16

what are formal relations?

Back 16

relations that exist in groups and organizations, laid down by the norms, or rules, of the official system of authority.

Front 17

what are informal relations?

Back 17

relations that exist in groups and organizations developed on the basis of personal connections; ways of doing things that depart from formally recognized modes of procedure,

Front 18

what is surveillance?

Back 18

the supervising of the activities of some individuals or groups by others in order to ensure compliant behavior.

Front 19

what are timetables?

Back 19

the means by which organizations regularize activities across time and space.

Front 20

what is iron law of oligarchy?

Back 20

a term coined by webers student Robert Michael's meaning that large organizations tend toward centralization of power, making democracy difficult.

Front 21

what is a oligarchy?

Back 21

rule by a small minority within an organization or society.

Front 22

what is information and communication technology?

Back 22

forms of technology based on information processing and requiring microelectronic technology.

Front 23

what are norms?

Back 23

rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations.

Front 24

what is deviance?

Back 24

modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society.

Front 25

what is a sanction?

Back 25

a mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior.

Front 26

what are laws?

Back 26

rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by a state power.

Front 27

what is a crime?

Back 27

any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority.

Front 28

define Anomie;

Back 28

a concept frist brought into usage by Emile Durkheim, referring to a situation in wich social norms lose their hold over individual behavior.

Front 29

what is Differential Association?

Back 29

an interpretation of the development of criminal behavior, proposed by Edward H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime.

Front 30

what is labeling theory?

Back 30

an approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become deviant because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

Front 31

what is primary deviation?

Back 31

coined by Edwin Lemert; primary deviation is the actions that cause one to be labeled a deviant.

Front 32

what is secondary deviation?

Back 32

following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

Front 33

what is conflict theory?

Back 33

argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature.

Front 34

what is control theory?

Back 34

a theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it.

Front 35

what is white collar crime?

Back 35

criminal activities carried out by those in white collar or professional jobs.

Front 36

what is corporate crime?

Back 36

offenses committed by large corporations in society. examples of corporate crime include pollution, false advertising, and violations of health and safety regulations.

Front 37

what is cybercrime?

Back 37

criminal activity by means of electronic networks or involving the use of information technologies.

Front 38

what are deviant subcultures?

Back 38

subcultures whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority.

Front 39

what is community policing?

Back 39

a renewed emphasis on crime prevention rather than law enforcement to reintegrate policing within a community.

Front 40

what is shaming?

Back 40

a way of punishing criminal and deviant behavior based on rituals of public disapproval instead of incarceration.