Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Macrosociology |
large groups and social institutions |
|
|
Microsociology |
small groups or individuals |
|
|
Social Functionalism |
society as a complex system of institutions that work together to promote stability and status quo Ex. Families, dysfunction: divorce |
|
|
Conflict Theory |
social life as characterized by inequality where groups and individualscompete for scarce resources. Ex. Power seen between Men and Women, poverty vs. Advantaged, American educational system |
|
|
Symbolic Interactionism Theory |
society as the product of everyday interactions among Individuals (micro). focuses on social interaction in specific situations Three main principles: 1) Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they have for them 2) The meanings arise from the interactions with others. 3) The meanings are changed through interaction. Ex. coping being wheelchair bound, why teens smoke. |
|
|
Social Constructionism Theory |
phenomenological sociology. It is the study of human experience in everyday life. The theory is interested in how individuals perceive, think and talk about social life. Central to the theory is the concept of the socialconstruction of reality – how individuals assign meaning to perceptions and experiences throughinteraction. Consequences follow from the construction of reality. Another central concept isthe life-world. This is the everyday routines and experiences that are taken for granted. Theseroutines and experiences are the source of individual experiences and they help to shape groupsand societies. The cooperative construction of realities between people Ex. Transgender death (how we see our reality) Iraq war and sadam hussein not having weapons |
|
|
Social Exchange Theory |
explains that people act rationally to get what they need by exchanging goods and services with others. Depends on the reward analysis, or whether multiple negative interactions come from a certain exchange. Ex. Marriage vs Divorce, employee staying for long time vs. quitting |
|
|
Rational Choice Theory |
actions as fundamentally rational and people ascertain the costs and benefits of any action prior to acting. There are three components to rational choice theory: 1) Individualism 2) Maximization of goals 3) Self-interest Ex. Voting (people vote for family not based on race,ethnicity etc), why criminals break the law (they make a critical cost benefit analysis before choosing to break the law-use rational thought) |
|
|
Teacher expectancy |
the impact of a teacher’s expectations on astudent’s performance, what the teacher percieves of the social, academic and relational circumstances of the student |
|
|
Kinship: Primary |
person belonging to the same nuclear family as ego. There areeight primary kin: father, mother, brother and sister (all from the family of origin); husband,wife, son and daughter (all from the family of procreation). |
|
|
Kinship: Secondary |
primary kin ofego’s primary kin. There are 33 potential kinds of secondary kin. Father’s father; father’smother; father’s brother; father’s sister; father’s wife or step-mother; father’s son or stepbrother;father’s daughter or step-sister; same seven categories for mother’s mother; brother’swife; brother’s son; brother’s daughter; same four categories for sister; wife’s brother; wife’sfather; wife’s mother; wife’s sister; son’s wife; son’s son; son’s daughter; daughter’s husband;daughter’s son; daughter’s daughter |
|
|
Kinship: Tertiary |
primary kin of the secondary kin. Thereare 151 possibilities including eight great grandparents, eight first cousins, the spouses of alluncles, aunts, nieces and nephews, plus others. |
|
|
Power |
the ability to obtain one’s desires or goals, even in the face of opposition |
|
|
Monarchy |
One family line stays in power for generations and controls major decisions for country ex. many countries in Europe |
|
|
Capitalism |
economic system in which the means of production are privately owned. Inan ideal capitalist economy, there are three distinct features: Private ownership of property Pursuit of personal profit Competition and consumer choice |
|
|
Socialism |
economic system in which the means of production are collectively held. In anideal socialist economy, there are three distinct features: Collective ownership of property Pursuit of collective goals Government control of the economy |
|
|
Democracy
|
political system in which power is given to the people. It is unrealistic for allcitizens to have a voice, so most nations claiming to be democracies are actually representativedemocracies where elected officials act on their behalf. |
|
|
Authoritarianism |
political system that denies the people participation in government.Authoritarian governments control the lives of the people and there is no freedom of speech.An example of a contemporary authoritarian government is Iran. |
|
|
Totalitarianism |
most extreme type of authoritarianism and is a political system that ishighly centralized and extensively regulates people’s lives. The government has economical,political, social and cultural control. In other words, the reach of the government is endless. Anexample of contemporary totalitarianism is North Korea |
|
|
Oligarchy |
social system under the control of a small elite. The iron law of oligarchy(Robert Michel) claims all large, complex societies become oligarchies because of the following: People prefer to let others make decisions for them. The system is so complex that people can’t possibly know enough to intelligentlyparticipate in the decision-making. Those in power tend to stay in power and are unwilling to give any of that power up.The United States can be seen as an oligarchy. |
|
|
Plutocracy |
social system where the wealthy rule, in other words power by wealth. |
|
|
Egalitarianism |
social system where equality of all people in political, economic and sociallife exists. Although a noble belief, in reality this does not occur anywhere in the world, nor hasit in history |
|
|
Incidence |
measure of disease that allows the determination of a person’s probability ofbeing diagnosed with a disease during a given period of time. In other words, incidence is thenumber of newly diagnosed cases of a disease. An incidence rate is the number of new cases ofa disease divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease. |
|
|
Prevalence |
measure ofdisease that allows us to determine a person’s likelihood of having a disease. Therefore, thenumber of prevalent cases is the total number of cases of disease existing in a population. Aprevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease existing in a population divided by thetotal population. |
|
|
Morbidity |
another name for illness |
|
|
Mortality |
is another name for death.Mortality rate is the number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population |
|
|
Material Culture |
includes all of thephysical artifacts created by members of society. There is a wide variety of material culture,ranging from simple to complex. |
|
|
Non-material culture or symbolic culture |
includes the ideas created by members of society and could include symbols, meanings etc. |
|
|
Culture Lag |
refers to the fact that somecultural elements change more quickly than others causing conflict with the cultural system. Anexample of this is the use of drones. The technology outpaced the public policy, resulting inpolicymakers trying to play catch up in creating laws governing the use of these unmannedaerial vehicles. |
|
|
Assimilation |
process by which minorities gradually adopt practices of the dominantculture. |
|
|
Cultural Diffusion |
spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to the next. Language is crucial |
|
|
Cultural Transmission |
also known as cultural learning, is the way a group of people within asociety or culture learns and passes on new information. |
|
|
Patriarchy |
any societal, political, cultural, or familial structure wherein men arethought to have greater power, authority, privilege, or rights than women. |
|
|
Trajectory |
a stable, long-term sequence of linked states, roles, or experiences (e.g.,education, career, parenthood, etc.) |
|
|
Ethnicity |
groups people according to culture, religion, language, or national origin. |
|
|
Racialization |
ascribing a racial or ethnic identity to a group that does not self identify as that race or ethnicity. |
|
|
Malthusian Theory |
was developed in response to a spike in the populationgrowth. Thomas Robert Malthus was an English economist who warned that unbridledpopulation growth would lead to chaos. He calculated that population would increase by ageometric progression (by the series of numbers 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc.) and claimed worldpopulation would soar out of control. Further, Malthus claimed that food production wouldincrease, but only in geometric progression (by the series of numbers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc.) becauseof the limitation on farmland. This lead to his conclusion that people would reproduce beyondwhat the planet could sustain leading to starvation and conflict over limited resources. |
|
|
Fertility Rate |
average number of children born to each woman in a given population |
|
|
total |
Average |
|
|
crude |
per 1000 members |
|
|
age-specific |
related to certain period of time or year; could be to age groups in mortality rate |
|
|
Class-consciousness |
social condition in which members of a social class are aware ofthemselves as a class |
|
|
False-consciousness |
social condition in which members of a social class are unaware ofthemselves as a class |
|
|
Cultural capital |
ideas and knowledge people draw upon as they engage in social life |
|
|
Social capital |
e expected collective or economicbenefits derived from the preferential treatment and cooperation between individuals andgroups. |
|
|
Social Reproduction |
process through which entire societies and their cultural, structural andecological characteristics are reproduced |
|
|
Privilege |
consists of somegroups of people have advantages when compared to other groups |
|
|
Prestige |
honor or deference attached to asocial status and distributed unequally as a dimension of social stratification. Prestige isdistributed according to three factors: possessions, qualities and performance |
|
|
Hyperglobalization Perspective |
globalization is a major new epoch in human history,national boundaries will be dissolved. CAUSE = economic logic of a global economy. |
|
|
Skeptical Perspective |
current globalization is fragmented and regionalized. The peak ofglobalization occurred in the 19th century and nationalism is now on the rise. CAUSE = N/A,because globalization isn’t really occurring—it is a myth. |
|
|
Transformationalist Perspective |
globalization may be occurring, but the degree towhich it is, and its eventual outcomes is undetermined. CAUSE = no single cause is known. |
|
|
GENTRIFICATION |
After an urban area has declined, demand for realestate from buyers wanting to live in the city leads to revitalization projects that convert less desirableurban areas into high-rent urban apartments and shopping areas. The process is calledgentrification because although the area is revitalized, only the wealthy can afford to live there. |
|
|
Intergenerational Mobility |
change in social class by one or more members of a family betweengenerations |
|
|
Intragenerational Mobility |
change in social class by an individual within their lifespan |
|
|
Vertical Mobility |
a change in social status or class (e.g., poor individual marries into a rich family). |
|
|
Horizontal Mobility |
a change in position within a class that does not result in a change in socialstatus (e.g., a working-class man gets a new job with a small pay raise; the job comes withno new status or significant increase in wealth) |
|
|
Relative Poverty |
low income compared to other individuals |
|
|
Absolute poverty |
income too low to provide life necessities, persisting for a period long enough tocause harm or endanger life. |
|
|
Conflict theorist questions |
1) How is society divided?2) How do the advantaged members protect what they have?3) How do the disadvantaged members attempt to challenge the status quo in order topromote change? |
|
|
Fundamentalism |
Religious movements focused on “returning to” or “preserving” pure,original, or unchanged values, teachings or behaviors. This is often a direct reaction to socialchange, especially modernization and secularization. Fundamentalists tend to have strongerlevels of commitment, be more absolute in their beliefs, less tolerant of opposing views, andin some cases resort to extremism or terrorism. |
|
|
The Sick Role: |
A theory that explains a sick person as having a unique role in society thatincludes both rights and obligations. Being sick is seen as a temporary form of deviance thatprevents the person from being a productive member of society during their illness. |
|
|
meritocracy |
A society where advancement or opportunity is based on merit (i.e., ability,accomplishment). The term also refers to societies where government leaders are selected basedon merit, as opposed to class (aristocracy) or pedigree (monarchy). |
|
|
Globalization |
integration of individual economies and cultures into a more unified global economy and culture |
|
|
Secularization |
A societal transformation away from close identification with religiousvalues or institutions, and toward non-religious, secular values or institutions. |
|
|
Malthusian Theory |
Developed in response to the spike in population growth by thomas robert malthus. He said unbridled population growth would lead to chaos and growth would increase by a geometric progression causing decreased food by decreased farm land. his conclusion was that people would reproduce beyondwhat the planet could sustain leading to starvation and conflict over limited resources. |
|
|
World Systems Theory |
Theory emphasizing a global inequality that is similar to thestratified inequality present in individual societies. "Global Inequality" |
|
|
George Herbert Mead |
Symbolic interactionist who proposed the “I” and the “me” 'I" is the active spontaneous, autonomous self "me" socialized, sense of self derived from others |
|
|
Functionalism questions about social institutions |
1) How is this institution related to the other institutions? 2) Where does this institution fit within the larger social system? 3) Are there consequences resulting from this institution? 4) Do these consequences interfere with the operation of the social system or do theseconsequences contribute to the operation of the social system? |
|
|
Symbolic interaction questions |
1) How do individuals experience their day-to-day life? 2) How is their reality shaped by their interactions? 3) How does reality change from person to person and situation to situation? |
