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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Education
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The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed
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Hidden Curriculum
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The nonacademic socialization and training that take place in the schooling systems
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Social Report
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Any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others
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Tracking
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A way of dividing students into different classes by ability of future plans
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Credentialism
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An overemphasis on credentials (e.g college degrees) for signaling social status or qualification for a job.
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Affirmative Action
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A set of policies that grant preferential treatment to a number of particular subgroups within the population - typically, women and historically disadvantaged racial minorities
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Social Class (Socioeconomic Status)
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An individual's position in a stratified social order
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Cultural capital
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Symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations
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Stereotype threat
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When members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes
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Resource dilution model
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Hypothesis stating that parental resource are finite and that each additional child dilutes them
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Capitalism
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Economic system in which property and goods are primaril owned privately; investments are determined by private decisions; and prices, production, and the distribution of goods are determined primarily by competition in a free market
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Feudalism
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Economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, serfs, and fiefs
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Agricultural revolution
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The introduction of new farming technologies that increased food output in farm production
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Corporation
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A legal entity unto itself that has a legal personhood distinct from that of its members - namely, its owners, and shareholders
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Alienation
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A condition in which people are dominated by forces of their own creation that then confront them as alien powers; according to Marx, the basic state of being in a capitalist society
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Socialism
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An economic system in which most or all the needs of the population are met through non-market methods of distribution
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Communism
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A political ideology of a classless society in which the means of production are shared thorough state ownership and in which rewards are not tied to productivity but need
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Family Wage
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A wage paid to male workers sufficient to support a dependent wife and children
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Service sector
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the economic activity that involves providing intangible services
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Champagne-glass distribution
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The unequal, global distribution of income, so named for its shape
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Monopoly
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The form of business that occurs when there's only one seller of a good or service in the market, leading to zero competition
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Oligopoly
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The condition when only a handful of firms exist in a particular market
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Offshoring
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A business decision to move all or part of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs
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Union
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The organization that forms when workers formally unite with the common aim of collective bargaining
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Union busting
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A company's assault on its workers' union with the hope of dissolving it
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Politics
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Power relations among people or other social actors
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Authority
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The justifiable right to exercise power
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Charismatic authority
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authority that rests in the superhuman appeal of an individual leader
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Traditional authority
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Authority based on appeals to past tradition
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Legal-rational authority
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A system of authority based on legal impersonal rules; the rules rule
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Routinization
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The clear, rule-governed procedures used repeatedly for decision making
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Rationalization
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An ever-expanding process of ordering or organizing
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Bureaucracy
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A legal-rational organization or mode of administration that governs with reference to rules and roles and which emphasizes meritocracy
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Specialization
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The process of making work consist of specific, delimited tasks
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Taylorism
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The methods of labor management introduced by Frederick Winslow Taylor to streamline the processes of mass production in which each worker repeatedly performs one specific task
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Meritocracy
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A society that bases status and mobility on individual attributes, ability, and achievements
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Milgram experiment
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An experiment devised by 1961 by Stanley Milgram, a psychologist at Yale University, to see how far ordinary people would go to obey a scientific authority figure
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Power
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The ability to carry out one's own will despite resistiance
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Domination
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The probability that a command with specific content will be obeyed by a given group of people
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State
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As defined by Weber, 'a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory'
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Coercion
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The use of force to get others to do what you want
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Paradox of authority
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Althought the state's authority derives from the implicit threat of physical force resorting to coercion strips the state of all legitimate authority
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International state system
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A system in which each state is recognized as a territorially sovereign by fellow states
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Welfare state
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A system in which the state is responsible for the well-being of its citizens
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Citizenship rights
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The rights guaranteed to each law-abiding citizen in a nation-state
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Civil rights
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the rights guaranteeing a citizens
s personal freedom from interference, including freedom of speech and the right to travel freely |
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Political rights
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The rights guaranteeing a citizen's ability to participate in politics, including the right to the and the right to hold an elected office
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Social rights
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The rights guaranteeing citizen's protection by the state
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Soft power
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Power attained through the use of cultural attractiveness rather than the threat of coercive action (hard power)
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Democracy
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A system of government wherein power theoretically lies with the people; citizens are allowed to vote in elections, speak freely, and participate as legal equals in social life
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Dictatorship
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A form of government that restricts the right to political participation to a small group or even to a single individual
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Game theory
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The study of strategic decisions under conditions of uncertainty and interdependence
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Collective action problem
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The difficulty in organizing large groups because of the tendency of some individuals to freeload or slack off
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Political party
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An organization that seeks to gain power in a government; generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe (to the extent possible) to the organization's political ideals
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interest group
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An organization that seeks to gain power in government and influence policy without direct election or appointment to office
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Political participation
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Activity that has the intent or effect of influencing ogvernment action
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Civil religion
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A set of sacred beliefs so commonly accepted by most people that it becomes part of the national culture
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Religion
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A system of beliefs and practices around sacred things, a set of shared "stories" that guide belief and action
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Sacred
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Holy things meant for special use and kept separate from the profane; the sacred realm is unknowable and mystical, so it inspires us with feelings of aw and wonder
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Profane
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The things of mundane everyday life
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Theism
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The worship of a god or gods, as in Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism
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Ethicalism
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The adherence to certain principles to lead a moral life, as in Buddhism and Taoism
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Animism
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The belief that spirits roam the natural world, as in totemism
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Denominations
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Big groups of congregations that share the same faith and are governed under one administrative umbrella
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Congregation
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Groups of people that gather together, especially for worship
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Secularism
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A general movement away from relgiostiy and spiritual beleif toward a rational, scientific orientation, a trend adopted by industrialized nations in the form of separation of church and state
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Pluralism
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The presence and engaged coexistence of numerous distinct groups in one society
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Sacred canopy
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Peter Berger's term to describe the entire set of relgious norms, symbols, and beliefs taht express the most imporrtant thing in life - naemley, the feeling that life is worth living and that reality is meaningful and ordered, not the random chaos of the stars
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Evangelicals
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Members of any protestant denomination distinguished by four main beliefs: the Bible is without error, salvation comes only through belief in Jesus Christ, personal conversion is teh only path to salvation (the "born again" experience), and others must also be converted. They proselytize b engaging with wider society.
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Fundamentalists
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Relgious adherents who follow a scripture (such as the Bible or Qur'an) using a literal interpretation of its meaning
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Religious experience
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An individual's experience of spiritual feelings and acts
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Reflexive spirituality
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A contemporary religious movement that encourages followers to look to religion for meaning, wisdom, and profound thought and feeling rather than for absolute truths on how the world works
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Megachurch
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Typically a conservative protestant church that attracts at least 2,000 worshipers per week
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Supernatural compensators
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Promises of future rewards, such as salvation or eternity in heaven
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Churches
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Religious bodies that coexist in a relatively low state of tension with their social surroundings. They have mainstream or "safe" beliefs and practices relative to those of the general population
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Sects (Sectarian groups)
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High tension organizations that don't fit in so well within the existing social environment. They are usually most attractive to society's least privileged - outcasts, minorities, or the poor- because they renounce worldly pleasures by stressing outwordly promises
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Cult
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Religious movement that makes some new claim about the supernatural and therefore does not as easily fit within the sect-church style
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Stratification
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Structured social inequality or, more specifically, systematic inequalities between groups of people that arise as intended or unintended consequences of social processes and relationship
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Social equality
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A condition whereby no differences in wealth, power, prestige, or status based on nonnatural convention exist
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Dialectic
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A two-directional relationship, one that goes both ways
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Ontological equality
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the notion that everyone is created equal in the eyes of God
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Equalitiy of opportunity
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The idea that inequality of condition is acceptable so long as the rules of the game, so to speak, remain fair
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Bourgeois society
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a society of commerce (modern capitalist society, for example) in which the maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
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Equality of condition
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the idea that everyone should ave an equal starting point
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Equality of outcome
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A position that argues each player must end up with the same amount regardless of the fairness of the "game"
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Free rider problem
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The notion that when more than one person is responsbile for getting something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hop others will pull the extra weight
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Estate system
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Politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social mobility
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Caste system
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Religion-based system of stratification characterized by no social mobility
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Class system
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Economically based system of stratification characterized by relative categorization and somewhat loose social mobility
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Proletariat
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The working class
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Bourgeoisie
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The capitalist class
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Contradictory class locations
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The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure which fall between hte two "pure" classes
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Status hierarchy system
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A system of stratification based on social prestige
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Elite-mass dichotomy system
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System of stratification that has a governing elite, a few leaders who broadly hold the power of society
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Meritocracy
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A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability, and achievement
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Socioeconomic status
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An individual's position in a stratified social order
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income
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Money received by person for work or from returns on investments
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wealth
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A family's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)
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Upper class
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A term for the economic elite
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Middle class
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A term commonly used to describe those individuals with nonmanual jobs that pay significanty more than the poverty line - though this is a highly debated and expansive category, particularly in the United States, where broad swathes of the population consider themselves middle class
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Social mobility
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the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society
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Structural mobility
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Mobility that is inevitable from changes in the economy
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Status attainment model
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Approach that ranks individuals by socioeconomic status, including income and educational attainment, and seeks to specific the attributes characteristic of people who end up in more desirable occupations
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female circumcision
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the removal of a woman's sexually sensitive clitoris
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Feminism
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An intellectual conciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal opportunities and respect
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Sex
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The biological differences that distinguish male from female
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Sexuality
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Refers to desire, sexual preference, sexual identity, and behavior
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Gender
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Denotes a social position, the set of social arrangements, that are built around sex categories
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Essentialism
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Line of thought that explains social phenomena in terms of natural ones
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Biological determinism
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A line of thought that explains a social behavior terms of biological givens
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Hegemonic masculinity
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Dominant and privileged, if invisible, category of men
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Gender roles
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Sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as a male or female
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Patriarchy
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A nearly universal system involving the subordination of femininity to masculinity
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Structural functionalism
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Theoretical tradition claiming that every society has certain structures (the family, the divisions of labor, or gender) which exist in order to fulfill some set of functions (reproduction of the species, production of goods, etc)
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Sex role theory
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Talcott Parson's theory that men and women perform their sec roles as breadwinners and wives/mothers, respetiviely, because the nuclear family is the ideal arrangement in modern societies, fulfilling the function of reproducing workers,
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homosexual
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the social identity of a person who has sexual attraction to and/or relations with other persons of the same sex
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sexism
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Occurs when a person's sex or gender is the basis for judgement, discrimination, and hatred against him or her
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sexual harassment
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an illegal form of discrimination, involving everything from inappropriate jokes on the ob to outright sexual assault to sexual "barter" - all intended to make women feel uncomfortable and unwelcome particularly on the job
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