Sociologist

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Auguste Comte

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Coined the term sociology and believed that the application of the scientific method to study of industrial society would lead to improvements.

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C.Wright Mills

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Identified the term sociological imagination to describe the link between an individuals experiences and the society they live.
Developed power elite view that sees the ruling elite as the top leaders of business, military, and government.

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Charles Horton Cooley

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Symbolic interactionist: concept of looking glass self. The way ones sense of self is based on the imagined reaction of others.

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Emile Durkheim

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Functionalist:
Theorized that deviance serves socially essention functions.
Conducted studies on known facts re: suicide pattern statistics.
One of the first functionalist to examine religion’s contributions to the operation of a society.

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Erving Goffman

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Symbolic interactionist: his dramaturgical analysis explained social interaction in theatrical terms

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George Herbert Mead

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Symbolic interactionist: Explored social influences on development of sense of self. (I and ME)

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Karl Marx

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Founded the conflict perspective. By dividing society into the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.

One of the 1st philosophers to critically examine social stratification and say a persons position is r/t his/her relationship to means of production

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Robert Merton

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Functionalist:discerned betwenn manifest(intended) and latent(not intended)

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Harold Garfinkel

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Ethnomethodologist: theorized that social interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies

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Amitai Etzioni

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Identified the three types of formal organizations on the basis of purpose of participation.

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Ferdinand Tonnies

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Used the terms gemeinschaft and gesellschaft to differentiate between social relationship in preindustrial and industrial societies.

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Max Weber

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Marxian student, founding social stratification to be multidimensional(r/t power, prestige, propert) and not a single factor.
Identified the five key components of a bureaucratic organization and believed bureaucracy is important for capitalist economies.
Developed a typology of religious organizations r/t structure and formality and viewed religion as a source of social change.

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Robert Michels

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Weberian student who used the iron law of oligarchy to explain bureaucracy rule by a small group.

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Solomon Asch

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Performed experiments with cards that showed people will conform to behavioral expectations of a group even if the group is wrong.

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Stanley Milgram

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Performed shock experiments that showed people are willing to inflict harm on others when instructed to do so.

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Cloward and Ohlin

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Functionalist: He explained Merton's Theory, stating that people need illegitimate opportunity structures to engage in deviance

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Robert Merton

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Functionalist: Believed the strain theory explains how deviance occurs when people are unable to meet socially approved goals through socially approved means

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Travis Hirschi

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Symbolic interactionist: Developed control theory as a way to help understand what factors constrain people from choosing conformity over deviant behavior.

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Erik Olin Wright

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Contemporary Marxist scholar, who identified 4 criteria to determining class location in advanced capitalist societies.

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Immanuel Wallerstein

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Developed the WORLDS SYSTEM Theory: It stresses the economic links w/ other countries.

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Walt Rostow

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Assit w/ modernization theory. Belived go through 4 stgs of economic development

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Theodor Adorno

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Explained prejudice as a personality trait found in individuals that possess an authoritarian personality.

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William Julius Wilson

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Argued that class is now more important than race for understanding the access to valuable social resources such as jobs.

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Margaret Mead

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Studied male and female roles in New Guinea and found them to be reverse of roles in the United States.

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Talcott Parsons

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Functionalist: argued that the social differentiation between male and female roles is functionally necessary for social cohesion and social survival.

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William Domhoff

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Believed that the ruling class influenced power in three ways.

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Ernest Burgess

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Human ecologist who developed the concentric zone model of urbanization.

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Georg Simmel

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Early symbolic-interactionist who believed that urban dwellers develop a blasé attitude toward urban life.

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Herbert Gans

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Symbolic-interactionist who distinguished between five different categories of adaptation among people who live in cities.

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Robert Park
.

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Functionalist who developed the theory of human ecology

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Thomas Robert Malthus
.

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Economist who proposed the population would eventually exceed the food supply if left unchecked

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Conflict perspective

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A view that society is composed of groups with clashing interest who ingage in struggle over control of valuable social resourses

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Functionalist Perspective

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A view that society is a relatively stable and orderly system composed of interdependant and interrelated parts.

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Symbolic-interaction perspective

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A view of society as an ongoing product of the everyday interactionist and shared meanings of people and groups

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Political systems

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1) Monarchy
2) Totalitarianism
3) Authoritarianism
4) Democracy.

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Politics

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Social institution through which power is organized, distributed and exercised by people and groups

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Deviance

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A behavior, condition, attitude or belief that violates cultural norms or is reacted to and defined as deviance.

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A deviant

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Is a pearson who possess a condition or attitude or engages in such behavior.

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Deviance types

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1) Crime: Breaking formal norms (laws) that carry formal punishment
2) Impulsive (or "Irrational" disorder: engaged in without prior calculation and lacks duration.
3) Intensional deviance: rational calculation of costs and benifits associated w/ outcomes of engaging in deviance.

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Economy

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contributes to the maintenance of society by organizing the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services.

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Economy's of a society have sectors

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3 sectors:
1)Primary
2) secondary
3)Tertairy

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capitalism

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economic system: characterized by the private ownership of natural resources and income producing property

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socialism

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Economic system characterized by the public ownership of natural resources and income producing property

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Feminism

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the belief that men and women are equal and hence should be treated as equals and equally worthy.

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racial inequality

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Racial equality is the belief that individuals, regardless of their racial characteristics, are morally, politically, and legally equal and should be treated as such.