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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The two variables must change in unison
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Correlation
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the cause must come before a change in the dependent variable
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Time order
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one variable is not typically the causation of another
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Complete causation
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Must be present for the effect to follow
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Necessary
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If it is present, it guarantees the effect to follow
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sufficient
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finding information about individuals in a social system based on only information about the system
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ecological fallacy
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examining social systems without exploring how components interact with each other
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reductionism
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Study of the same population - longitudinal study
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trend studies
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studying specific subpopulations of an age
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cohort study
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Studying the same people at multiple points in time
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Panel study
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How variables will be measured
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operationalization
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Measurements used for particular concepts and variables in the study
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conceptualization
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manipulating the data so that it can be analyzed
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data processing
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Interpretation of the observations
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analysis
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Disseminating the findings to other interested parties
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Application
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classification schemes
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concepts
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explicitly defining what is meant by a particular concept
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conceptualization
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manifestations of concepts
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indicators
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features of a concept
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dimension
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has no claim to the concepts "real" meaning
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nominal definition
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the actual way a concept will be measured
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operational definition
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increasingly specific about how a concept is to be measured
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conceptual order
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combining categories to capture extreme highs and lows of a variable
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range of variation
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variables whose attributes can be ordered, differences quantified, but zero is arbitrary.
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interval measures
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consistency in measurements
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reliability
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using two or more items to measure a concept
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split-half method
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measures used by other sociologists
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using established measures
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refers to whether the measurements actually captured the concept of study
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validity
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if the measure fits with commonly held beliefs about a concept
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face validity
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how well the measure predicts another, more concrete indicator
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criterion-related validity
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a composite measure that summarizes or ranks several specific observations in some more general dimensions
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index
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a composite measure composed of several items that have a logical or empirical structure
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scale
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items in an index must represent only one dimension
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unidimensionality
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range of possible outcomes
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variance
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assesses the relationship of two items in the index, the items should be strongly related
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bivariate relationships
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three or more items of an index are compared to examine relationships among different subgroups
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multivariate relationships
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combining the items into a single score
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index scoring
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how well the constructed index predicts individual items used to compose the index
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item analysis
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assesses the validity of the index to predict other, theoretically related variables
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external validation
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determines how intimate a relationship a respondent is willing to have with a particular group of people
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Bogardus social distance scale
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assesses the utility of items
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Thurstone scale
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capturing a range of attitudes
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Likert scale
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captures positions on a particular item
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Semantic differential scale
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uses responses on extreme items
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Guttman scale
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classification of items in terms of their attributes
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typology
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identifying a small subset of a population
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purposive or judgmental sampling
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way to identify other potential subjects
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snowball sampling
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relying on a few individuals as a source of data
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selecting informants
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failing to consider the actual characteristics of a population
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conscious or unconscious biases
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a sample the similar to the population of interest
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representative sample
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each member of the population has a known probability of being selected
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random selection
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how close to a population their sample is on a given dimension
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probability theory
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how many times a population is sampled
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sampling distributions
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the amount of error made when trying to estimate a measure
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sampling error
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an estimate of the RANGE around the population parameter.
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confidence interval
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indicates a PERCENTAGE of how confident the researcher is that the interval captures the true population parameter.
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confidence level
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each element of a population is assigned a number to generate a random sample
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simple random sampling
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every nth element from a list is selected for the sample
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systematic sampling
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dividing up the population into relevant subunits then selecting a random sample
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stratified sampling
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stratifying the subunits then doing a systematic random sample
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implicit stratification in systematic sampling
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in multistage cluster design, the sampling error for the final is compounded by the number of samples drawn
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multistage sampling error
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weighs each primary sampling unit by the number of elements it has
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Probability proportionate to size (PPS) sampling
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it is possible to overweight certain primary units if they in special interest of the researcher
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disproportionate sampling and weighting
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the science of knowing
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epistemology
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the science of finding out
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methodology
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there is no tangible reality
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post-modern view
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explanations that can be proven or disproven using empirical evidence
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theory
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focus on large numbers of individuals
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aggregates
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explore, describe, explain
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purpose of social research
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specific observations to general theories
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inductive reasoning
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general theories to collecting empirical evidence
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Deductive reasoning
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specific causes
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idiographic
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general reasons
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nomothetic
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numerical data
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quantitative
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nonnumeric data
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qualitative
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research with public implications
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applied research
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research that solely advances the discipline of sociology
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pure research
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possible to use scientific methods to study society
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positivism
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believes that most advanced groups in society were able to and should dictate social order
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social darwinism
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believes that those with power are likely to exploit those who do not
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conflict paradigm
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believes that social structure and order is constantly being reconstructed and modified based on individual interactions
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ethnomethodology
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societies tend to reflect masculine interests
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feminist paradigms
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social theory is constructed from the dominant white perspective
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critical race theory
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assuming our observations of the social world are objective, but this cannot be proven
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rational objectivity reconstructed
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seeing, hearing, touching
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observation
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a phenomenon that has been observed
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fact
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universal generalizations of facts
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laws
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a systematic explanation for observed regularities
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theory
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abstract elements representing classes of phenomena
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concept
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fundamental assertions of a theory
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axioms or postulates
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believes that social structure and order is constantly being reconstructed and modified based on individual interactions
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ethnomethodology
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societies tend to reflect masculine interests
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feminist paradigms
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social theory is constructed from the dominant white perspective
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critical race theory
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assuming our observations of the social world are objective, but this cannot be proven
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rational objectivity reconstructed
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seeing, hearing, touching
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observation
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a phenomenon that has been observed
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fact
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universal generalizations of facts
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laws
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a systematic explanation for observed regularities
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theory
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abstract elements representing classes of phenomena
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concept
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fundamental assertions of a theory
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axioms or postulates
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