Socio1100 Ch. 14 Politics And Government In Global Perspective

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politics

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social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups

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government

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formal organization that has the legal and political authority to regulate the relationships among members of a society and between the society and those outside its borders, primary political system

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state

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the political entity that possesses a legitimate monopoly over the use of force within its territory to achieve its goals

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political sociology - Supa cool!

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the area of sociology that examines the nature and consequences of power within or between societies, as well as the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power

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POWERRR

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according to Max Weber, the ability of persons or groups to achieve their goals despite opposition from others

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social relationship

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power requires leaders and followers, and a dimension of social stratification

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authority

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power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive, this is the alternative to physical force or violence

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ideal types of authority

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traditional, charismatic, rational-legal

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traditional authority

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power that is legitimized on the basis of long-standing custom, an example would be pharaohs, emperors, and religious dignitaries

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racialized patriarchy

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continual interplay of race and gender, said by Zillah R. Einstein to reinforce traditional structures of power in contemporary societies

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charismatic authority

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power legitimized on the basis of a leader's exceptional personal qualities or the demonstration of extraordinary insight and accomplishment that inspire loyalty and obedience from followers, an example would be Mother Teresa

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routinization of charisma

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the process by which charismatic authority is succeeded by a bureaucracy controlled by a rationally established authority or by a combination of traditional and bureaucratic authority, an example would be Mother Teresa because her leadership was based on personal qualities

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rational-legal authority

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power legitimized by law or written rules and procedures. Also referred to as bureaucratic authority. example is U.S. Supreme Court

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monarchy

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a political system in which power resides in one person or family and is passed from generation to generation through lines of inheritance, example is Prince William and Kate Middleton

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authoritarianism

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a political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government. examples are Saudi Arabia, Qatar, and Swaziland

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dictatorships

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power is gained and held by a single individual

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military juntas

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military officers seize power from the government, recently happened in Argentina, Chile, and Haiti

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totalitarianism

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a political system in which the state seeks to regulate all aspects of people's public and private lives, examples are conformity in Afghanistan and the Nazi Party in Germany in World War Two

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democracy

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a political system in which the people hold the ruling power either directly or through elected representatives

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participatory democracy - Great idea!

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people would actively and directly rule themselves, requiring that citizens be able to meet together regularly to debate and decide the issues of the day

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representative democracy

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a form of democracy whereby citizens elect representatives to serve as bridges between themselves and the government, examples are each state having a representative and two senators

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pluralist model

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an analysis of political systems that views power as widely dispersed throughout many competing interest groups, as viewed by functionalist perspectives

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Functional Perspectives: The Pluralist Model, Emile Durkheim

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four main functions: maintaining law and order, planning and directing society, meeting social needs, handling international relations including warfare

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special interest groups

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political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest that they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system

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lobbyists

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people who are paid to influence legislation on behalf of specific clients

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political action committess

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(PACs) organizations of special interest groups that solicit contributions from donors and fund campaigns to help elect (or defeat) candidates based on their stances on specific issues

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elite model

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a view of society that sees power in political systems as being concentrated in the hands of a small group of elites whereas the masses are relatively powerless

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conflict theory of elite model

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government is useful for some things, but mostly exists for the benefit of wealthy or politically powerful elites who use the government to impose their will on the masses

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power elite

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C. Wright Mill's term for the group made up of leaders at the top of business, the executive branch of the federal government, and the military.

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ruling class theory by Sociologist G. William Domhoff

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members of the upper class and the corporate rich, who constitute less than 1 percent of the U.S. population

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ruling class by Domhoff continued

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fixed group of privileged people who wield power sufficient to constrain political processes and serve capitalist interests, "who governs is less important than who rules"

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political party

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an organization whose purpose is to gain and hold legitimate control of government

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political socialization

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the process by which people learn political attitudes, values, and behavior...and stereotypes.

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sequestration

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the practice of using mandatory spending cuts in the federal budget if the cost of running the government exceeds either an arbitrary amount or the gross revenue that the government brings in during the fiscal year, basically a temporary reduction in federal government employees

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military-industrial complex

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the mutual interdependence of the military establishment and private military contractors

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militarism

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a societal focus on military ideals and an aggressive preparedness for war

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terrorism

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the use of calculated, unlawful physical force or threats of violence against a government, organization, or individual to gain some political, religious, economic, or social objective

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war

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organized, armed conflict between nations or distinct political factions

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political terrorism

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intimidation, coercion, threats of harm, and other forms of violence that attempt to bring about a significant change in or overthrow an existing government