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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

The recognized violation of cultural norms

Deviance

Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
Social control
The organizations--police, courts, and prison officials--that respond to alleged violations of the law
Criminal justice system
-Focus on abnormality
-Explain human behavior as the result of biological instincts
Biological theories of deviance
-Focus on individual abnormality
-See deviance as the result of "unsuccessful socialization"
Psychological theories of deviance
-What is deviant varies from place to place according to cultural norms
-Behavior and individuals become deviant as others define them that way
-What and who a society defines as deviant reflect who has social power and who does not

Sociological theories of deviance

explains deviance in terms of society's cultural goals and the means available to achieve them

Merton's Strain Theory

The idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Labeling theory

A powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity
Stigma
The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition
Medicalization of deviance

links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior

differential association theory

States that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior.



People who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

control theory

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
White-collar crime
The illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf
Corporate crime
A business supplying illegal goods or services
Organized crime
A criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
Hate crime

The violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law

Crime

Crimes that direct violence or threat of violence against others
Crimes against the person
Crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others
Crime against property
Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims
Victimless crimes

a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces charges in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea

plea bargaining

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime

retribution

the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment

deterrence

a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses

rehabilitation

Rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution
Societal protection

Later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

Criminal recidivism

correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls

community-based corrections