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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sex
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biological (genitalia)
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Gender
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Socialization issues ex: metro-sexual
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Primary Sex Characteristics
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the genitals, organs used for reproductions
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Secondary Sex Characteristics
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bodily development, apart from the genitals, that distinguishes biologically mature females and males
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Sex as a cultural issue
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lack of mating ritual
-ways to have sex, PDA, modesty, who to have sex with |
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The incest taboo
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universal agreement why? biology: physical and mental deformities. Due to our social society, it would become too confusing to base kinship lines this way. Marrying out forges new social ties
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Sexual Revolution
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Alfred Kinsey: 1948 releases first study on sexuality in the United States. Proved that people in north america were far less conventional on sexual matters which encouraged a new openness toward sexuality
Late 1960s = Youth culture dominates public life. Birth control pill makes sex more convenient. Opportunities for women increasing = sexual openness increasing. |
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Sexual Counterrevolution
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A conservative call for a return to "family values" in the 80s
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Sexual Orientation: What is it? How do we get it?
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- A person's preference in terms of sexual partners: same sex, other sex, either sex, neither sex.
-Sexual orientation is a product of society(People socially construct a set of meanings that lets them make sense of sexuality) and biology(is innate, rooted in human biology) |
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Deviance
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The recognized violation of cultural norms
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What are the three social foundations of deviance?
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1. Deviance caries according to cultural norms: No thought or action is inherently deviant, they become this way only in comparison.
2. People become deviant as others define them that way. 3. Both norms and the way people define situations involve social power: The law is the means by which powerful people protect their interests. |
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Durkheim's Four essential functions of deviance
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1. Deviance affirms cultural values and norms: Deviance is needed to define and sustain morality.
2. Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries: Allows us to draw a line between right and wrong. 3. Responding to deviance brings people together: People usually react together, forming bonds. 4. Deviance encourages social change: Today's deviance can become tomorrow's morality. |
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Strain Theory
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Robert Merton(SF): Depends on whether society provides the means to achieve the cultural goals.
Innovation: Using unconventional means to achieve and culturally approved goal. Ritualism: People can't reach the cultural goals so they stick to the conventional means so as to at least feel respectable. Retreatism: Rejecting both cultural goals and conventional means. Ex: drug addicts. Rebellion: Reject same as retreatism but also create counterculture and make alternatives to the existing social order. |
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Subculture Theory
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Rechard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin(SF) (1966)
proposed that crime is just from limited legitimate opportunity but also from readily available illegitimate opportunity. Deviance or conformity depends on relative opportunity structure. |
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Labelling Theory
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The assertion that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.
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Primary deviance
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Such passing episodes as skipping school or underage drinking
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Secondary deviance
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When a person repeatedly violate a norm and begin to take on a deviant identity.
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Stigma
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a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity.
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Medicalization of deviance
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The transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition.
Who responds, how they respond, the personal competence of the deviant person. |
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Differential association theory
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Edwin Sutherland (1940)(SI)
Deviance or not depends on amount of contact with deviance or conformity. |
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Control Theory
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Travis Hirschi (1969) (SI)
Social control depends on anticipating the consequences of one's behaviour. People who feel they have little to lose from performing deviant acts usually become rule breakers. |
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Hirschi's 4 types of social control
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1. Attachment: Strong social attachments encourages conformity.
2. Opportunity: Greater the access, greater the advantages of conformity. 3. Involvement: A lot of time spent at job or school inhibits deviance. 4. Belief: strong beliefs in conventional morality and respect for authority figures restrain tendencies toward deviance. |
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Deviance and power
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Alexander Liazos (1972) (SC)
Deviant people are usually powerless. |
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Deviance and capitalism
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Steven Spitzer (1980) (SC)
Deviant labels are applied to people who interfere with the operation of capitalism. |
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Corporate Crime
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the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.
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Organized Crime
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a business supplying illegal goods or services.
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Hate Crime
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a criminal act against a person or person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.
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Why Punish?
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Retribution: to make the accused suffer as much as the victim.
Deterrence: discourage criminality. Rehabilitation: reforming the offender to prevent later offences. Societal protection: Rendering an offender incapable of further offences temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution. |
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Social Stratification
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A system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
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Caste system
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Social stratification based on ascription
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Class system
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social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
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Meritocracy
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social stratification based on personal merit
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Status Consistency
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the degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality.
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Davis-Moore Thesis
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The assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society. Rewarding people with leisure, prestige and power encourages them to work better, longer and harder
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Why no Marxist Revolution?
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1. Fragmentation of the capitalist class: stockholders.
2. A higher standard of living: white-collar occupations 3. More worker organizations: unions 4. Greater legal protections: EI, Workers comp, disability, CPP. |
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Marxist perspective on class?
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Nobility becomes Capitalists and peasants become Proletariats. Have opposing interests and separated by gap in wealth and power.
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Weber's perspective on class?
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1. Economic inequality
2. Status or social prestige 3. Power Socioeconomic status: a ranking based on various dimensions of social inequality. |
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Intragenerational Mobility
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a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime.
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Intergenerational Mobility
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Upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
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Relative poverty
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the deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more
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Absolute poverty
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a deprivation of resources that is life-threatening.
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The feminization of poverty
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the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor.
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Gender Stratification
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women
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Intersection theory
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The investigation of the interplay of race, class, and gender, often resulting in multiple dimensions of disadvantage.
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Structural-Functional and Gender
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Gender serves as a means to organize social life. Throughout history due to lack of contraceptives women were frequently pregnant meaning they stayed close to home.
Women manage household and raise children, men connect family to world through labour force. |
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Social-Conflict and Gender
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Differences not just in behaviour but in power as well. Conventional ideas about gender create division and tension with men seeking to protect their privilege and women challenging the status quo.
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Feminism
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the advocacy of social equality for men and women, in opposition to patriarchy and sexism.
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Five principles of feminism
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1. Working to increase equality
2. Expanding human choice 3. Eliminating gender stratification 4. Ending sexual violence 5. Promoting sexual freedom |
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Two types of feminism
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Liberal feminism: individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests.
Socialist feminism: evolved from Marxist ideas. "domestic slavery" eliminated only through socialist revolution resucting in a state-centred economy to meet the needs of all. |
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Race
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A socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.
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Ethnicity
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A shared cultural heritage.
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Prejudice
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A rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people.
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Discrimination
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Treating various categories of people unequally.
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Stereotypes
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exaggerated descriptions applied to every person is some category
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The Social Distance Scale
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how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category.
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Four Theories of Prejudice
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Scapegoat theory
Authoritarian personality theory Culture theory Conflict theory |
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Scapegoat theory
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prejudice springs from frustration among people are themselves disadcantaged.
Scapegoat: a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom people unfairly blame for their own troubles. |
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Authoritarian personality theory
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People who show strong prejudice toward one minority usually are intolerant of all minorities.
Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values, see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong, society is naturally competitive with "better" people dominating weaker people. |
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Culture theory
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Some prejudice is found in everyone because prejudice is rooted in culture.
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Conflict theory
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Prejudice is a tool used by powerful people to oppress others.
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Institutional prejudice and discrimination
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bias built into the operation of society's institutions
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Pluralism
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A state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing.
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Assimilation
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the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture.
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Segregation
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A physical and social separation of categories of people.
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Visible minorities
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persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.
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Family
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A social institution that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children
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kinship
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a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption
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Family unit
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a social group of two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption, who usually live together.
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Endogamy
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marriage between people of the same social category
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Exogamy
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marriage between people of different social categories
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Functions of the family: SF Analysis
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Family operates as the backbone of society.
1. Socialization: Family is first and most important setting in child rearing. 2. Reproduction and regulation of sexual activity: incest taboo, marrying out equals larger social ties. 3. Social placement: Help maintain social organization, parents pass on social identities at birth. 4. Material and emotional security: a "haven in a hearless world" physical, emotional and financial assistance. |
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Inequality and the family: SC
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1. Property and inheritance: Families concentrate wealth and reproduce the class structure.
2. Patriarchy: Woman become sexual and economic property of men. 3. Race and ethnicity: Endogamous marriage supports racial and ethnic hierarchies. |
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Family SI
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family offers and opportunity for intimacy. As families share activities, they build emotional bonds. Turn to each other for help with daily tasks and responsibilities.
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Religion SF
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1. Social Cohesion: unites people through shared symbolism
2. Social Control: Society uses religion to promote conformity 3. Providing Meaning and Purpose: Our lives serve some greater purpose = less likely to despair in the face of change or tragedy. |
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Religion SI
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Religion is socially constructed. Through rituals we sharpen distinction between sacred and profane.
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Religion SC
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Religion serves elites by legitimizing the status quo and diverting people's attention from social inequities.
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Secularization
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the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
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Education
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The social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills and cultural norms and values.
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schooling
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formal instruction under the direction of specially trained teachers.
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Functions of schooling
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1. Socialization: pass on specialized social info
2. Cultural innovation: conduct research that leads to discovery and changes our way of life. 3. Social integration: mould a diverse population into one society sharing norms and values 4. Social placement: identify talent and match instruction to ability 5. Latent Functions: Provides childcare, keeps people out of the job force, bring together people of marriageable means, valuable career resource. |
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Schooling and social inequality
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1. Social control: teaches the importance of following orders
2. Testing: transform privilege into personal merit 3. Tracking: assigning students to different types of educational programs to meet their individual abilities and interests (stresses inequalities) |
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How do large, bureaucratic schools undermine education?
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1. Rigid Uniformity:ignore cultural character of local communities and personal needs of children
2. Numerical Ratings: Overlook dimensions of schooling that are difficult to quantify like creativity and enthusiasm 3. Rigid Expectations 4. Specialization: Experience a division of labour as they are shuffled between periods throughout the day 5. Little Individual Responsibility: Do not empower students to learn on their own. |
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health
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a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being
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medicine
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a social institution that focuses on fighting disease and improving health
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How does society affect health?
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1. Cultural patterns define health
2. Cultural standards of health change over time 3. A society's technology affects people's health 4. Social inequality affects people's health |
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scientific medicine
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The social institution that focuses on combating disease and improving health.
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Medicine SF
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illness: dysfunctional as it reduces peoples abilities to perform their roles.
Medicine is society's strategy to keep its members healthy |
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Medicine SI
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both health and illness are socially constructed.
Aids may equal prejudice Once health or illness is defined as real, it becomes real in its consequence. Both patient and staff engage in a subtle process of reality construction |
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Medicine SC
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The connection between health and social inequality.
Quality of life & access to care Capitalist medicine = money making machine Scientific medicine often takes sides on social issues such as midwifery. |
