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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Themes of Durkheim |
Social facts and social solidarity
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Social Fact |
Ways of thinking, acting and feeling that are external to an individual and have power and constraint over the individual. Prove their existence when they are transgressed. Normal or Pathological |
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Social Solidarity |
An organization, the source of the moral. Central to predictability and conformity, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity |
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Differences Between Marx & Durkheim |
Social Class Marx - socially created by behaviour Durkheim - social class is natural Alienation Marx - social, cognitive and behavioural circumstances Durkheim - anomie; problems in the social structure Conflict Marx - inevitable; part of natural social development Durkheim - accidental; if things are natural there is no conflict |
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Durkheim's Methodology |
Indirect analysis/correlational analysis - looks at variation in one social fact related to the variation in another Functional analysis - measuring the effects of this fluctuation on other social facts by referring to the social system |
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Mechanical Solidarity |
Primitive; weak division of labor; collective conscious |
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Organic Solidarity |
Modern; complex division of labor; individual conscious; greater population density |
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Abnormal Forms of The Division of Labour |
Anomic Division of Labour - a lack of normative consistency that can produce problem; a lack of regulation in higher education and the labour market Forced Division of Labour - stratification in society isn't properly regulated due to the relationship between natural ability and social class; unfair contracts since equal opportunity hasn't existed; get rid of inheritance; get rid of family creating fair stratification |
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Themes in Durkheim's Work |
Moral Order - shared social values & norms; Hitler No Nominalism - Explanation without human intention No History Scientific Objectivity & Value Neutrality - Does not care if murder is good or bad, just the social factors that can predict it |
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Nominalism |
A view in which general or abstract terms and predicates exist, while universals or abstract objects do not exist. |
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Realist |
Uses facts and past events |
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Dialectic |
The idea that anything is in the process of denying, transforming or destroying itself and everything opposes itself |
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Quantitative |
Destruction in steps |
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Qualitative |
Leap; there is a negation of the negation |
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Structure |
Denominator - mode of production Forces of production - tools Relations of production - relationships formed to use tools Superstructure - culture |
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Epoch |
At the beginning of every epoch the forces of production and the relations of production will be in harmony and the dominant ideas of the superstructure will support of legitimize that relationship |
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Feudalism to Capitalism (Marx) |
Feudalism - superstructure is agriculture, non dominant is manufacturing of tools; relation of production is exploitation Manufacturing potential of feudalism could not mature until it destroyed this relation Capitalism - superstructure is manufacturing, non dominant is automation; relation of production is owner and worker; equal |
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Commodity Fetishism |
Inability to see the true value of the things we value |
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Action |
Any behaviour to which a human actor has attached subjective meaning |
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Causal Adequacy |
Takes into account meaning of actors and correlational data and historical causality; take an event and imagine it happened in the exact opposite way; if it changes present casual adequacy |
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Verstehen |
Meaning of action through the actors point of view; sociologists ability to understand social phenomena |
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Ideal Types |
Extreme constellation of very specific ideas, exaggerated example of something; stereotype |
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Types of Social Action |
Zweckrational - means and ends vary (means end) Wertrational - means vary, ends fixed (value rationality) Affectual/Emotion Action - non rational Traditional Action - means and ends fixed |
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Ritualism |
Weber worried about this; the iron cage; don't care why we do it, we do it anyways |
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Types of Authority |
Traditional Authority - Have it because you are tied to a lineage that is highly values; monarchy; traditional action Rational Legal Authority - Modern form of authority; invested with competence and office; zweckrational & wertrational Charismatic Authority - Unusual influence of a persons personality or their competencies; Hitler & Trudeau; affectual/emotion action |
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Ideal Types of Social Stratification |
Social Class - group of individuals sharing a common set of life chances; zweck & wert Status - social estimation of honour; traditional Party - organization of people who come together for the acquisition of power; zweck |
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Weber's Four Rationalizing Processes |
Practical, theoretical, substantive & formal |
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Foucault |
Archaeology of knowledge - looking at the layers of knowledge (epistems) Genealogy - power of knowledge |
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Bordieu |
Structure and agency & fields |
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Habitus |
A structured structure that structures a persons perceptions, conceptions and practices in the social world |
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Schema of Cognition |
Grows a little bit as you're taking in information becoming increasingly rigid; your customs vs. others; creates 2 capitals |
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Economic Capital |
Our parents wealth - psychical and nutritional comforts |
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Cultural Capital |
Informal education, knowledge & expertise (most important) |
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Social Capital |
Networks, usually people who have similar economic and cultural capital |
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Symbolic Capital/Power |
Acquired prestige on reputation maybe with charisma |
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Hermeneutics |
Special approach to understandings and interpretation of published writing |
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Practical Rationality |
Worldly activity in relation to the individuals purely pragmatic and egoist interest |
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Theoretical Rationality |
Involves a cognitive effect to master reality through increasingly abstract concepts |
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Substantive Rationality |
Directly orders action into patterns through clusters of values |
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Formal Rationality |
Means-end calculation; rules, laws and regulations |
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Mead Pragmatism |
Focus on this world, on empirical reality |
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That Act |
Impulse, perception, manipulation and consummation |
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Looking-Glass Self |
1. Imagine how we appear to ourself 2. Imagine judgement 3. Develop self feeling |
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Subjectivity |
Neo-Marxist Theory Idea of systems, often false, produced by societal elites |
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Dorothy Smith |
Relations of ruling - social activities control human social productions Local actualities of lived experience - culture and home Texts - patriarchy in laws Bifurcated Consciousness - brain divided; their actual lived experiences and the reality of social typifications |
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Structuration Theory |
Giddens; creation and reproduction of social systems that is based in the analysis of both structure and agents |
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Discursive Conscious |
Ability to describe our action in words |
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Practical Consciousness |
Actions the actor takes for granted without being able to discuss what they're doing |
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Law of Three Stages |
1. Theology - evaluation of knowledge 2. Metaphysical - evaluation of society 3. Positivism - development of the individual |
