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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Jamestown
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the first permanent english settlement in North America; 40 miles up the James River in Virginia
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John Smith
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English colonist who helped found Jamestown; encouraged settlers to work harder and build better housing
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Pocahontas
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An American Indian princess, who saved John Smith's life when he was kidnapped by the Powhatans; was later captured by the english and forced to marry John Rolfe
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indentured servants
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people who receive a free ship to North America by agreeing to work for free for a period of years (usually 7)
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Bacon's Rebellion
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an attack led by Nathaniel Bacon against the American Indians and the colonial government in Virginia; Bacon opposed the government's policies about trade with the American Indians
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Toleration Act of 1649
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crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians; presented by Lord Baltimore in Maryland because of the tensions between Catholics and Protestants
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Slave Codes
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laws to control slaves; passed in most of the Southern Colonies
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Puritan
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a protestant group that wanted a purified or reformed Anglican church; Pilgrims were one of these groups
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Pilgrims
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separatist group that left England to escape prosecution; settled in Virginia
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Immigrants
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people who have left the country of their birth to live in another country
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Mayflower Compact
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a legal contract in which the Pilgrims agreed to have laws to protect the general good; one of the first attempts at self-government in the English colonies
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Squanto
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Patuxet Indian and was captured and enslaved in spain who then escaped back to america. He taught the pilgrims native farming techniques and helped them establish relations with the Wampinoag tribe who were the Indians present at the first Thanksgiving.
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John Winthrop
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Leader of the Massachusetts Bay company who led Puritan colonists to Massachusetts to establish an ideal christian colony; became the colony's first governor.
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Ann Hutchinson
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Purtian leader who angered other Puritans by claiming that e persons relationship to god did not have to include ministers; she was tried and convicted of undermining church authorities banished from Massachusetts Colony; later founded a colony in Rhode Island
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Peter Stuyvesant
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Director general of the Dutch New Netherlands colony; forced to surrender New Netherlands to the English
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Quakers
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a society of friends who made one of the largest religious groups in New Jersey; did not follow formal religious formal practices; believed in the equality of men and women before god
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staple crops
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crops that were always needed; wheat, barley, oats
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town meeting
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a forum in which people talked about topics of local interest such as paying for schools
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English Bill of Rights
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the act reduced the powers of the English monarch; Parliament gained power; colonists valued their own right to elect their own representatives to decide local issues
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triangular trade
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a system in which goods and slaves were traded between America, Britain and Africa
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Middle Passage
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the voyage that brought slaves by the millions from Africa across the Atlantic Ocean
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Great Awakening
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religious movement that swept through the colonies to revive religious life; effected social and political life
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Enlightenment
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spread the idea that reason and logic could improve society
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Pontiac
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Ottawa chief who united the Great Lakes indians to fight against the English; attacked British forts in Pontiac's Rebellion; eventually surrendered
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Samuel Adams
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American revolutionary who led the agitation that led to the Boston Tea Party; he signed the Declaration of Independence; believed that you could not tax colonists without their permission
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Committees of Correspondence
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a network of groups in the colonies that shared ideas about British laws and ways to combat them
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Stamp Act of 1965
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required all colonists to pay for a specific stamp of seal when they bought paper products
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Boston Massacre
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an incident in which the British fired into a crowd of colonists that killed 5 people; a soldier struck a colonist which started a riot, including Samuel Adams.
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Tea Act of 1773
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The British East India Company was able to sell tea directly to the colonists; many colonial merchants were afraid that the BEIC would put them out of business; colonists united against the act
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Boston Tea Party
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A protest against the Tea Act, in which colonists boarded British Tea ships and dropped more than 340 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor
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Intolerable Acts
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the British passed the Coercive Acts
1. Boston Harbor was closed until Boston payed for the ruined Tea 2. Massachusetts charter was cancelled 3. The governor decided if and when the legislature could meet 4. Royal officials were sent to Britain for trial (they got a friendlier trial) |
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First Continental Congress
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the gathering of delegates from throughout the colonies (except Georgia); met because of the closing of the Boston port
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minutemen
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members of civilian volunteer militia
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red coats
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the british soldiers
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Second Continental Congress
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delegates from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss whether or not to declare war against Britain
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Continental Army
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the army created by the 2nd continental congress to defend american colonies against Britain
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Battle of Bunker Hill
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a battle of the Revolutionary war in Boston that showed the British that the colonists could fight effectively against them
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Common Sense
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written by Thomas Paine; pamphlet that urged for separation against Britain
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Thomas Paine
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American politician, philosopher, and author; urged an immediate separation from Britain in his anonymously and simply written Common Sense
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Thomas Jefferson
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american statesman and member of two continental congresses; chairman of the committee to draft the declaration of independence; major writer and signer of the DOI.
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Declaration of Independence
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document written to declare the colonists free from British Rule
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patriots
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colonists who chose to fight against Britain
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loyalists
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those who remained loyal to great Britain
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mercenaries
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foreign soldiers who fight, not out of loyalty, but for pay
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Battle of Trenton
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Revolutionary War battle in New Jersey in which patriot forces captured at least 900 Hessian troops
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Battle of Saratoga
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a Revolutionary war battle in New York that marked the greatest Patriot victory up to that point in the war
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Marquis De Lafayette
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French Statesman and officer who viewed the American revolution as important to the world; helped finance the revolution and served as a general
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Bernardo De Galvez
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the governor of Spanish Louisiana; captured key cities from the British greatly aiding the Patriot movement and aiding the Spanish acquisition of Florida
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John Paul Jones
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American naval officer famed for bravery; most famous victory was the defeat of the British warship Serapis
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George Waters Clark
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American Revolutionary soldier and frontier leader; captured the British trading village of Kaskaskia during the revolution and encouraged indian leaders to remain neutral
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Francis Marion
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Revolutionary war commander of Marion's brigade; guerilla soldiers in North Carolina that used surprise raids against British communications and supply lines
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Battle of Yorktown
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the last major battle of the American Revolution
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
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Great Britain recognized the independence of the United States; a peace agreement that ended the Revolutionary War
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Olaudah Equiano
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African American abolitionist; an enslaved African who was eventually freed and became a leader of the abolitionist movement
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William Penn
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Quaker leader who founded a colony for Quakers in Pennsylvania; the colony provided an important example of representative self-government and became a model for freedom and tolerance
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George Washington
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Revolutionary war hero and patriot leader; served as a representative for two continental congresses; commanded the Continental Army and was unanimously elected to two terms as president
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Comte de Rochambeau
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commander of French troops in the Revolutionary War; helped to corner Cornwallis in the Battle of Yorktown
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Magna Carta
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a charter of liberties agreed to by King John of England; made the king obey the same laws as citizens
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constitution
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a set of basic principles and laws that states the powers and duties of the government
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suffrage
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the right to vote
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Virginia Statut for Religious Freedom
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document that declared that no person was required to go to a particular church or pay for a church with tax money
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Articles of Confederation
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the document that created the first central government of the United States; replaced by the constitution
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ratification
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official approval
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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legislation passed by congress that authorized surveys and the division of land in the Western region of the country
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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legislation passed by congress to establish a political structure for the northwest territory and create a system of admission of new states
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Northwest territory
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lands including Illinois, indiana, michigan, ohio and wisconsin; organized by the northwest ordinance
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tariffs
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taxes on imports or exports
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interstate commerce
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trade between two or more states
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depression
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a period of low economic activity combined with a rise of unemployment
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Shays' Rebellion
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an uprising of Massachusetts farmers led by Daniel Shays to protest high taxes, heavy debt and farm foreclosures
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Constitutional Convention
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a meeting held in Philadelphia in which delegates from the states wrote the constitution
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Virginia Plan
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the plan for government at the Constitutional Convention in which the national government would have supreme power and the legislative branch would have two houses whose membership would determined by state population
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New Jersey Plan
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a proposal to create a unicameral legislature with equal representation of states; rejected at the constitutional convention
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The Great Compromise
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an agreement worked out at eh constitutional convention establishing that a state population would determine the representation in the lower house of the legislature while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature
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3/5 Compromise
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an agreement worked out at the constitutional convention stating that only 3/5 of the slaves in a state would count towards the population for the lower house of congress
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popular sovereignty
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the idea that the political authority belongs to the people
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federalism
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the sharing of power between a central government and the states that make up a country
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legislative branch
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the division of the government that proposes bills and passes them into laws
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executive branch
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includes the president and the departments that help run the government
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judicial branch
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all the national courts
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checks and balances
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a system established by the constitution that prevents any branch of the government from becoming two powerful
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anti-federalists
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people who opposed the constitution
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federalist papers
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essays supporting the constitution
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amendments
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official changes
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bill of rights
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ten proposed amendments intended to protect citizens rights
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federal system
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a system that divides the powers between the federal and state governments
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impeach
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to bring charges of serious crimes against a president
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veto
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to cancel
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executive orders
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commands of the president that have the power of the law
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pardons
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freedom from punishment
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majority rule
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the greatest number of people in a society can make policies for everyone
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petition
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make a request of the government
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search warrant
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gives authorities permission to serve everyones property
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due process of the law
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the law must be fairly applied
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indict
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to formally accuse
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double jeopardy
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you can't be tried twice for the same crime
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imminent domain
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the power to take personal property to benefit the public
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deport
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return to the country of origin
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draft
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required military service
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naturalized citizens
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foreign born citizens whose parents who are not citizens who move to the united states to become citizens
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political action committees
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groups who collect money for candidates that support certain issues
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interest groups
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groups of people who share a common interest that motivates them to take political action
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First Amendment
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Congress can't make any law about your religion, or stop you from practicing your religion, or keep you from saying whatever you want, or publishing whatever you want (like in a newspaper or a book). And Congress can't stop you from meeting peacefully for a demonstration to ask the government to change something.
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Second Amendment
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Congress can't stop people from having and carrying weapons, because we need to be able to defend ourselves
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Third Amendment
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You don't have to let soldiers live in your house, except if there is a war, and even then only if Congress has passed a law about it.
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Fourth Amendment
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Nobody can search your body, or your house, or your papers and things, unless they can prove to a judge that they have a good reason to think you have committed a crime.
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Fifth Amendment
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You can't be tried for any serious crime without a Grand Jury meeting first to decide whether there's enough evidence for a trial. And if the jury decides you are innocent, the government can't try again with another jury. You don't have to say anything at your trial. You can't be killed, or put in jail, or fined, unless you were convicted of a crime by a jury. And the government can't take your house or your farm or anything that is yours, unless the government pays for it.
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Sixth Amendment
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If you're arrested, you have a right to have your trial pretty soon, and the government can't keep you in jail without trying you. The trial has to be public, so everyone knows what is happening. The case has to be decided by a jury of ordinary people from your area. You have the right to know what you are accused of, to see and hear the people who are witnesses against you, to have the government help you get witnesses on your side, and you have the right to a lawyer to help you.
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Seventh Amendment
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You also have the right to a jury when it is a civil case (a law case between two people rather than between you and the government).
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Eight Amendment
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The government can't make you pay more than is reasonable in bail or in fines, and the government can't order you to have cruel or unusual punishments (like torture) even if you are convicted of a crime.
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Ninth Amendment
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Just because these rights are listed in the Constitution doesn't mean that you don't have other rights too.
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Tenth Amendment
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Anything that the Constitution doesn't say that Congress can do should be left up to the states, or to the people.
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electoral college
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a bod of electors who represents each state's vote in choosing the president
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precedent
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a action or decision that later serves as an example; for example, Washington's use of a cabinet of advisors
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Judiciary Act of 1789
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created three levels of federal courts and defined their powers and realtionship to the state court
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national debt
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money owed by the United States
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Alexander Hamilton
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American statesman and member of continental congress and the constitutional convention. Was an author of the federalist papers, and the first secretary of the treasury and developed the bank of the united states
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bonds
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certificates of debt that carry a promise to buy the bonds back at a higher price
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Alexander Hamilton's economic plan
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1. sell bonds
2. industrial and manufacturing based government 3. strong national government 4. National bank with a 20 year charter |
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Thomas Jefferson's economic plan
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1. no bonds
2. state powers 3. agriculture based economy 4. opposed national bank (so did James Madison) |
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speculators
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people who buy items at low prices in the hope that the value will rise
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loose construction
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the federal government can take reasonable actions that the constitution does not specifically forbid
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strict construction
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federal government should only do what the constitution specifically says it can do
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bank of the united states
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the countries first national bank that had a 20 year charter
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French Revolution
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a rebellion of French people against their king in 1789; the US decided to remain neutral about the situation
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Neutrality Proclamation
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the United States would not take sides with any European country at war.
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privateers
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private ships hired by a country to attack its enemies; France asked the US if they could hire privateers, but was turned down because it violated the neutrality proclamation
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Jay's Treaty
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setteld the disputes that had arisen betwen the US and great britain in the 1790s.
British had to pay for damaged US ships and abandon forts in the NW. US would pay debts to the British. |
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Pinckney's Treaty
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settled the trade and border disputes with Spain. Spain had closed the Port of new orleans to the US, and this treaty agreed that they would open it back up
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Battle of Fallen Timber
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a battle where native american forces were defeated in the NW territory
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Treaty of Greenville
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ended the battles in the NW; gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the NW territory
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Whiskey Rebellion
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farmers lashed out on the tax on whiskey; some called themselves the New Sons of Liberty
Washington felt that he had to show the new government's authority and led the battle against the rebellion himself, although most of the rebels had fled by the time forces arrived |
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political parties
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groups that help elect people and shape policies
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federalist party
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wanted a strong federal government and supported industry and trade
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democratic-republicans
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limit the federal governments power
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XYZ Affair
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Adams tried to solve US and french tensions by sending US diplomats to make a treaty to protect US Shipping. On their arrival, the french demanded a bribe in order for the diplomats to make a treaty with the french.
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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Federalists wanted to silence anyone against the war against France. The laws were said to protect the United States. They forbade anyone from publishing or voicing criticism against the federal government
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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
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arugued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional; written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
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John Adams
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American statesman who was a delegate to the continental congress, part of the drafting committee for the constitution; vice president to george washington, second us president
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Thomas Jefferson
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american statesman and member of two continental congresses, declaration of independence's main author, third president
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Marbury vs. Madison
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court case that established judicial review
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John Marshall
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federalist leader; served in HOR and US secretary of state; became the chief justice of the US Supreme Court; established the supreme court's power through Marbury v. Madison
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judicial review
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the power to declare an act of congress unconstitutional
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Louisiana Purchase
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the purchase of the french land between the mississippi river and the rocky mountains that nearly doubled the size of the united states
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Lewis and Clark expedition
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an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase
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Sacagawea
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shoshone woman who along with her french fur trapper husband aided in the lewis and clark expedition
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zebulon pike
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army officer sent on a mission to explore the west, tried to find the headwater of the red river, attempted to climb what is now known as pike's peak in colorado
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impressment
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practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy
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embargo
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the banning of trade
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Embargo Act
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a law that prohibited american merchants from trading with other countries
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non-intercourse act
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banned trade with britain, france and their colonies
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tecumseh
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shawnee chief who attempted to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlers in the west
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Battle of Tippecanoe
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US forces defeated Tecumseh and his followers
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Warhawks
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members of congress who wanted war against Britain
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James Madison
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american statesman, delegate to constitutional convention, fourth president, father of the constitution, led the US through the war of 1812
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Oliver Hazard Perry
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american naval captain that put together the naval force that defeated the british in the battle of lake erie on the war of 1812
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Battle of Lake Erie
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US victory in the war of 1812, broke britain's control of lake erie
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!
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treaty of fort jackson
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treaty signed after the us victory at the battle of horseshoe bend; creek were forced to give up 23 million acres of land
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battle of new orleans
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the greatest us victory on the war of 1812; took place two weeks after the peace treaty had been signed
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hartford convention
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a meeting of federalists to protest the war of 1812
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treaty of ghent
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the treaty signed in belgium ending the war of 1812
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nominating conventions
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a meeting at which a political party selects its president and vice presidential candidates; began in 1820s
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Jacksonian Democracy
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support for an increase in voting rights by lowering property requirements; abolishing the national bank; encouraged national expansion
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Democrats
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supporters of Andrew Jackson
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spoils system
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practice of giving government jobs to political backers; began by Andrew Jackson
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kitchen cabinet
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a trusted group of informal advisors of Andrew Jackson who meet in the white house kitchen
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Martin Van Buren
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an american politician and secretary of state under jackson; became the 8th president of the US
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tariff of abominations
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high tariff on imports opposed by southerners
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states' rights doctrine
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the belief that power of the states should be greater than the federal government
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nullification crisis
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a dispute led by john c calhoun that said that the states could violate federal laws if they believed they were unconstitutional
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daniel webster
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american lawyer and statesman spoke out against the nullification crisis and urged the us to stay unified
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mcculloch vs. maryland
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declared the 2nd bank of the US constitutional and that maryland could not interfere with it
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Whig Party
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strong congress and weak president
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panic of 1837
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severe economic depression
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william henry harrison
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american politician served as governor for indian territory, fought tecumseh in the battle of tippecanoe; 9th president of us
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indian removal act
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congressional act that authorized the removal of indians who lived east of the Mississippi river
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indian territory
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an area near oklahoma where indians were forced to move in the 1830s
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bureau of indian affairs
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a government agency created int eh 1800s to oversee federal policy towards the native americans
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sequoia
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american indian scholar; created writing system for cherokees and taught literacy to many cherokees
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Worcester vs. Georgia
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supreme courts ruling that the cherokee nation was a distinct territory that only the federal government had authority over; ignored by andrew jackson and georgia
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Trail of Tears
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the cherokees 400 mile forced march
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blackhawk
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native american leader; resisted us removal of indians from illinois and raided settlements, fought the us army
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osceola
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florida seminole leader who resisted removal of us government despite; died in prison
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