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125 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What is the Sahara?
The Sahara is a vast desert.
Which countries does North Africa include?
North Africa includes Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya and Egypt.
What is the Nile River?
The Nile River is the world's longest river. It is formed by the union of two rivers, the Blue Nile and the White Nile.
What is silt?
Silt is finely ground fertile soil that is good for growing crops.
Where is the Suez Canal located?
The Suez Canal is located between the Sinai Peninsula and the rest of Egypt. The French built the canal in the 1860s. It is a narrow waterway that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea. Large cargo ships carry oil and goods through the canal.
What is an oasis?
An oasis is a wet, fertile area in a desert where a natural spring or well provides water.
What does "Sahara" mean in Arabic?
It means desert.
Where are the Atlas Mountains located?
The Atlas Mountains are located on the northwestern side of the Sahara near the Mediterranean coast.
What are the major physical features of North Africa?
The major physical features of North Africa are: the Sahara, the Nile River, the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlas Mountains.

North Africa is a dry region with limited water resources.
Would it be possible to farm in Egypt if the Nile River did not exist?
It would not be possible to farm in Egypt without the Nile River because farmers use water from the Nile to irrigate (water) their fields. Also, the sediment deposited in the Nile delta (landform) makes the area extremely fertile.
What is the climate of most of North Africa?
The climate of most of North Africa is a dry region with limited water sources.
What resources of North Africa are the most valuable?
Oil and gas are important resources particularly for Libya, Algeria and Egypt. Morocco mines iron ore and minerals. The Sahara has natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas.
Where is the Niger River located?
The Niger River is located in West Africa.
Why is the Niger River important to West Africa?
The Niger River is important because it brings life-giving water to West Africa. Many people farm along its banks or fish in its waters. It is also an important transportation route, especially during the rainy season.
What is desertification?
Desertification is the spread of desert-like conditions.
What is a savanna?
A savanna is an area of tall grasses and scattered trees and shrubs.
What are West Africa's resources?
The resources of West Africa are: agricultural products, oil and minerals as well as cacao (used to make chocolate), coffee, coconuts and peanuts.

West Africa also has mineral riches such as diamonds, gold, iron ore and bauxite which is the main source of aluminum.
What is a sahel?
A sahel is a strip of land that divides the desert from wetter areas.
Why do geographers say West Africa's climates are "zonal"?
Geographers say West Africa's climates are zonal because it has 4 different climate regions:

1-humid tropical
2-tropical savanna
3-desert
4-steppe
Name some countries that are located in Africa, south of the Sahara.
Some countries located in Africa, south of the Sahara are:
-Ghana
-Niger
-Mali
-Nigeria
-Somalia
-Sudan
-Ethiopia
Name some of the major rivers of Africa.
Some of the major rivers of Africa are:
-Nile
-Congo
-Niger
-Zambezi
What physical feature of East Africa is usually covered with snow and ice?
Mount Kilamanjaro.
Where is the Great Rift Valley located?
The Great Rift Valley is located in East Africa. When seen from the air looks like a giant scar.
What is a rift valley?
Rift valleys are places on Earth's surface where the crust stretches until it breaks.
What is the climate zone just south of the Sahara called?
Sahel
The Nile empties into?
The Niles empties into the Mediterranean Sea.
Most of the land in Southern Africa lies on:
A large plateau.
What is "veld"?
Veld are open grassland areas located in South Africa.
What are some problems caused by desertification?
-droughts
-animals becoming extinct
-livestock is dying
What is the "copper belt"?
The copper belt is an area in Africa where copper is found.
How did colonization affect Africa?
Colonization affected Africa because the Europeans were inconsiderate toward the African people and their culture.
What is imperialism?
Imperialism is an attempt to dominate a country's government, trade or culture.
Why did European countries take over African countries?
European countries took over African countries because they wanted raw materials.
How did Europeans justify their disrespectful behavior toward the African people?
Europeans justified their behavior by claiming that they were "improving" the lives of Africans.
What is the Berlin Conference?
The Berlin Conference was a meeting that consisted of European countries discussing how they would divide Africa amongst themselves.
Were African countries represented at the Berlin Conference?
No, African countries were NOT represented at the Berlin Conference.
How did Africa begin moving toward independence?
1- Some European countries sent a few Africans to Europe to study. As they began to become educated, they began thinking about independence.

2- Other Africans fought for the Europeans in WWI and WWII. After fighting int he wars, they believed that their own country should be free.
What is Nationalism?
Nationalism is to have pride in your country.
Why did violence break out in many African countries?
Violence broke out because Africans stood up to their European rulers.
When did most of the colonies in Sub-Sahara gain independence?
Most colonies gained independence between 1951 and 1980.
What is Apartheid?
Apartheid is separation between races and discrimination.
What is an example of apartheid law?
An example of apartheid law is whites having a higher pay than blacks for the same job.
What is an entrepreneur?
An entrepreneur is an independent business person.
What did the Berlin Conference lead to?
It led to the division of Africa among various European powers.
Who were the "Boers"?
The "Boers" were Dutch farmers who arrived in Africa in the 1600s.
What is the "African National Congress" (ANC)?
The "African National Congress" was formed in 1912 by black South Africans to defend their rights.
What happened to members of the ANC and other protesters?
Members of the AFC and other protesters such as Nelson Mandela were put in jail.
Who is Nelson Mandela?
Nelson Mandela is a major and revolutionary dedicated member of the ANC.

He later became South Africa's first black president who wrote a new constitution and improved the living conditions of all black South Africans. He is also the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.
What other ethnic groups were treated unfairly in Africa?
?
What is a "sanction"?
A "sanction" is an economic or political penalty imposed by one country on another country to force a policy change.

Other countries placed "sanctions" against South Africa.
Why was Nelson Mandela sentenced to life in prison?
Nelson Mandela was sentenced to life in prison because he fought against apartheid. He organized riots and this made the government angry.
How did apartheid affect other countries?
People around the world called for an end to apartheid.
Why did Europeans become involved in African politics and economics?
Europeans became involved in African politics and economics to:

1- get resources not available in Europe by creating new colonies and becoming wealthy

2- became involved in local affairs because they thought their ideas about government and culture were better than native African ways

3- each European national government tried to control as much land as possible, creating many colonies and very high rivalry.
What role did entrepreneurs play in European imperialism in Africa?
The entrepreneurs or independent business people moved to Africa and became a large part of Africa's population, but still under European rule. They played a big part in trying to take over or "imperialize" Africa.
What is the "Middle Passage'?
The "Middle Passage" refers to the horrific trip slaves took on ships, in chains across the Atlantic.
Why did Europeans want slaves?
Europeans wanted slaves to put to work on their plantations or large farms in the Americas?
What were the results of the slave trade?
The results of the slave trade were that about 20 million slaves were sent to the Americas against their will, it led to a decrease in African population and caused mistrust between many African peoples who were capturing slaves from one another's kingdoms.
Which African country never became a colony?
Ethiopia never became a colony.
Why did most African resistance fail?
Most African resistance failed due to the European modern weapons being used against them.
What happened at the Berlin Conference?
The Berlin Conference was set by European leaders to resolve conflict over the possession of land in Africa. European settlers were taking over land and fighting with other European settlers. In order to prevent this, European rulers had this meeting to sort things out and divide various parts of Africa. This conference also lead to African families, clans and kingdoms to be separated apart and ruined.
What problems do you think the Berlin Conference caused in Africa after the Europeans left?
The Berlin Conference caused many negative events.

1- African families, clans and kingdoms were ruined

2- Africa's population changed

3- Africans were grouped together forced to live with different clans

4- probably chaos with all the different European laws and nobody to lead
What was the first British colony to become independent?
Ghana, formerly called the Gold Coast was the first British Colony to gain its freedom.
What led to the civil war in the Congo?
The Congo was the only colony of Belgium and a very large one. The Belgians were only granting freedom to SOME Africans. All the Congolese people wanted independence so battle began with riots.
How did the World Wars lead to resentment in Africa?
Many Africans were sent to fight in WWI and WWII and upon their return they were not even thanked. This increased tension among Africans and Europeans.
How was the French attitude toward West African colonies different from the British?
The French had a respectful and welcoming attitude toward what they called "their Africans". They welcomed them in as a part of France. The British had a disrespectful approach and disregarded the Africans, mainly using them as slaves while using up their resources.
How did international protests held end apartheid?
International protests helped end apartheid because it stressed out the South African government. A large number of people around the world would go against leaders and this would affect the economy and many other things. The protests were major causing South African governments to take action that pleased the people by ending apartheid.
What is "Mau Mau"?
"Mau Mau" was the violent movement Kikuyu farmers formed to rid Kenya of white settlers and retake their land. Mau Mau terrorized the British in Kenya and killed anyone they suspected opposing their goals.
Why were the Portuguese and Belgian colonies among the last to become free?
The Portuguese held several colonies and fought until 1974 after decades of bloody war. The Belgians controlled only one major colony and refused to recognize the colonists' rights until 1960.
What is a "township"?
A "township" is a specially designated cluster of tiny homes for black residents.
Where is the Suez Canal located?
In Egypt.
What is "Kush"?
"Kush", today called Nubia, is the name of the the first large kingdom Africans established in the interior of Africa.
What is Nubia?
Nubia is a region in northeast Africa and lies on the Nile River south of Egypt.
What was Nubia rich in?
Nubia was rich in valuable minerals such as gold, copper and stone making the area wealthy.
What did Nubia depend on for food?
Agriculture. The Nile's floods allowed the people of Nubia to plant in winter and summer. Livestock grazed in the banks of the river. Farming villages thrived.
Were farmers of Nubia more successful than others?
Yes, farming villages thrived all along the river. Farmers became richer and became leaders of their villages.
How did Kush come to be?
Around 2000 B.C. one of the village leaders took control of other villages and made himself king of the region. He named his new kingdom "Kush".
Where did the early kings of Kush rule from?
The ruled from their capital "Kerma", located on the Nile just south of a cataract (rapids).
How were Kushites involved in a trade network?
Kushites exported goods to Egypt and in return imported jewelry and other luxury items from Egypt and Asia.
What is present-day Nubia called?
Present-day Nubia is called Sudan.
Who took over ancient/early Kush?
The Egyptians took control of Kush around 1500 B.C.
How did the cataracts (rapids) effect Kush?
The cataracts made travel through some parts of the Nile extremely difficult, but also acted as a natural barrier against invaders. For many years the Kushites were kept safe from the powerful Egyptian kingdom to the north.
What did Kush supply to Egypt?
Kush supplied Egypt with slaves and raw materials such as gold, copper and stone. They also sent ebony and ivory.
What is ebony?
Ebony is a type of dark, heavy wood.
What is ivory?
A white material taken from elephant tusks.
How did Egypt conquest Kush?
As Kush grew wealthier from trade, its army grew stronger. Egypt's rulers soon feared that Kush might attack Egypt. To prevent this, pharaoh Thutmose I sent an army to take control of Kush around 1500 B.C. As a result, the kingdom of Kush became part of Egypt and the pharaoh destroyed the Kushite palace at Kerma.
What happened to the Kushites once Egypt conquered Kush?
Kush remained an Egyptian territory for about 450 years. Egypt influenced Kush and many Egyptians settles there. Egyptian became the language of the region and Kushites began using Egyptian names and wearing Egyptian-style clothing. They also adopted Egyptian religious practices.
When did the Kushite leaders regain control of Kush?
The Kushite leaders regained control of Kush in the mid-1000s B.C. as the New Kingdom of Egypt was ending and the power of Egypt's pharaohs declined. Kush once again became independent.
When did Kush conquer Egypt?
Kush conquered Egypt around 700 B.C. Pharaohs left Egypt and a Kushite King named Kashta conquered Upper Egypt and his son Piankhi continued to attack Egypt after his death.
When was the end of Kushite rule in Egypt?
Kushite rule in Egypt ended in the 670s B.C.when the Assyrians from Mesopotamia invaded Egypt. The Assyrian weapons were far superior and the Kushites were slowly pushed out of Egypt.
How did Piankhi's belief that he was supported by the gods help him in the war against Egypt?
Piankhi was a fierce warrrior. He truly believed in the gods and that the gods wanted him to rule all of Egypt. His inspiration also gave hope to his troops.
Although the Kushites lost control of Egypt, did their kingdom disappear?
No, the Kushite kingdom did not disappear. In fact, they built up another empire in the African interior based on trade and their own iron industry.
After losing control to Egypt, what did the people of Kush devote themselves to?
They devoted themselves to improving agriculture and trade until they became a rich and powerful kingdom once more.
What was the economic center during the period of Kush's iron industry?
Moroe was the economic center of Kush and also the new capital.
What was Meroe rich in?
Meroe was rich in ebony and other wood, gold and had rich deposits of iron ore.

The Kushites developed an iron industry. Because resources such as iron ore and wood for furnaces were easily available, the industry grew quickly.
What is a trade network?
A trade network is a system of people in different lands who trade goods back and forth.

Meroe became the center of a large trade network.
What are exports?
Exports are items sent to other regions for trade.

Kush's exports included gold, pottery, iron tools, slaves and ivory.
What are imports?
Imports are goods brought in from other regions.

Kushites received imports such as jewelry and other luxury items from Egypt, Asia and lands around the Mediterranean Sea.
What are merchants?
Merchants are traders.

Kushites sent goods down the Nile to Egypt. From their, Egyptian and Greek merchants carried goods to ports on the Mediterranean and Red Seas and on to South Africa. These goods may have eventually reached India and China.
How did women in Kushite society differ from other women?
Women in Kushite society were expected to be active in their society. Like men, they worked hours in the fields. During times of war, many Kushite women fought alongside men.
Who was Mansa Musa?
Mansa Musa was one of Afica's greatest rulers. Under his skillful leadership, Mali became very wealthy and powerful. Because of Mansa Musa's influence, Islam spread through a large part of West Africa.

He ruled for about 25 years from 1312 to 1337. During this time, Mali developed manu important trade cities such as Timbuktu.

Religion was very important to Mansa Musa and he introduced his empire to the Islamic world.

Mansa Musa also supported education. He sent many scholars to study in Morocco.

He stressed the importance of reading the Arabic language so that Muslims in his empire could read the Qur'an. To spread Islam in West Africa, Mansa Musa hired Muslim architects to build mosques.
What is desertification?
Desertification is drought.
Which is the largest mountain in Africa?
Mount Kilimanjaro is the largest mountain in Africa.
What is a savanna?
A savanna is flat grassland.
What is the Great Rift Valley?
The Great Rift Valley is a series of valley in East Africa caused by the stretching of Earth's crust which is the tectonic plates shifting.
What is sahel?
Sahel is land that is experiencing desertification.
What happened to Mali once Mansa Musa died?
Upon Mansa Musa's death, his son Maghan took the throne. Maghan was a weak ruler and unable to stop raiders. The raiders set fire to Timbuktu's great schools and mosques. Mali never recovered and the empire weakened and declined.

In 1431 the Tuareg, nomads from the Sahara, seized Timbuktu. By 1500 nearly all the lands the empire had once ruled were lost.
What is a "mansa"?
A mansa was the title of a local leader in Mali. Mansas had both political and religious roles in society.
Where is Mali located?
Mali is located along the upper Niger River.The area's fertile soil helped Mali grow allowing the empire to grow rich and powerful.
Why were slave forts located where they were?
Slave forts were located near river mouths because slaves were imported by ship so it would be easier and less time to bring them to the forts.
What geographical factors influenced the development of the Atlantic slave trade?
Most slaves were brought to the Americas to work on plantations. Thanks to the convenient climate and great progress made on the plantations, the progress encouraged to buy more slaves and make more progress.
Why do you think people were impressed by stories about Mansa Musa's pilgrimage?
I believe people were impressed by the Mansa Musa's pilgrimage because he completely made an effort to show off his country's wealth. He gave some of his followers hand-crafted gold sticks and his baggage was full of gold would be worth millions of dollars today. Musa gave out gold to different places he traveled. He was known for his generosity.
What major river was important to the people of Mali? Why?
The Niger River was important to the Mali civilization which had settles along the upper Niger River.

This river increased the amount of fertile soil and helped civilization grow. Also, due to Mali's location, its people was able to control trade on the Niger River. The made Mali a wealthy and powerful empire.
What effects did the rule of Mansa Musa have on Mali and West Africa?
Mansa Musa made a huge impact on West Africa. He took a long journey to Mecca spreading the Islam religion and giving out gold. This attracted many European settlers to West Africa in order to find the source of wealth.
How did Alkia the Great's support of education affect Timbuktu?
Askia the Great's promotion of education helped flourish Timbuktu. The different universities and libraries of Timbuktu attracted many people which grew the civilization's power.
Who is Askia the Great?
Askia the Great was the ruler of Songhai. When he went blind in his 80s, his son Musa forced him to leave the throne.
How did traders from the North bring their goods to Timbuktu?
Traders from the North used camel caravans to bring their goods, such as salt, cloth, books and slaves.
What material was used to build the walls and buildings of Timbuktu?
They were mostly built with bricks made of dried mud.
What are the effects of droughts?
Droughts are periods when little rain falls, and crops are damaged. During a drought, crops and the grasses for cattle dies and people begin to starve.
What are some of East Africa's climate types?
Some areas of East Africa have a cool climate. Areas closest to the equator receive the greatest amount of rainfall. Areas farther from the equator are much drier and seasonal droughts are common.
Where does the Nile River begin?
The Nile River begins in East Africa and flows north to the Mediterranean Sea.
What is Africa's largest lake?
Africa's largest lake is Lake Victoria.
How can the region of Central Africa be thought of?
The region of Central Africa can be thought of as a big soup bowl with a wide rim. Near the middle of the bowl in the CONGO BASIN. A basin is a generally flat region region surrounded by higher land such as mountains and plateaus.
What is a basin?
A basin is a generally flat region region surrounded by higher land such as mountains and plateaus.
Where is the Congo River located?
The Congo River is located in Central Africa.
Where is Mount Kilimanjaro?
Mount Kilimanjaro is located in East Africa.