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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aztecs |
The indigenous people who were dominant in Mexico before James Cortez came and killed them. |
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Tenochtitlan |
Capital of the Aztec Empire locates on Lake Texcoco. They thought it was the center of the world. |
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Montezuma I |
Father of the Aztec Empire. |
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Flowery Wars |
War used to capture sacrificial victims. |
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Migrate |
To move one’s location permanently, possibly travelling long distances. |
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Aquaduct |
A raised platform with ducting that allowed for the transport of water, often over long distances. |
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Codices |
An Aztec book that detailed Aztec history primarily using images. |
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Monotheistic |
A religion or belief system that includes only one god.
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Polytheistic |
A religion of belief system that includes many gods.
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Calmecac |
Aztec school for nobles |
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Ocelot |
A nocturnal wild cat sacred to the Aztecs. |
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Calpolli |
A unit or organization like a neighbourhood that help to divide tasks. |
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Artisans |
A skilled craftsman like a goldsmith or feather worker. |
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Quetzal |
A green bird that was sacred to the Aztec. |
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Telpochcalli |
The school for Aztec commoners. |
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Conscription |
Mandatory military service. |
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Glyphs |
Pictures and symbols used in Aztec writing. |
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Retributive Justice |
Dealing with law breakers through punishment.
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Restorative Justice |
Dealing with law breakers by making them repair the harm done. |
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Aztec Mountains |
The mounds of land that surrounded Tenochtitlan. Aztecs thought the height brought them closer to the gods. They protected them, but they also brought floods. |
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Dikes |
Mountains brought floods, so Aztecs built dams to control the water in the lake. They also separated the fresh water and the dirty water. |
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Causeway |
Used to connect the mainland to the island so they could easily go back and forth. |
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Chinampas |
Because the island was small, there was not enough farmland, so they built floating islands with wood and mud. |
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Huitzilopochtli |
Tribal God, Sun God, and God of war. Eagle perched on cactus eating a snake. |
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Tezcatlipoca |
God of the night sky. |
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Quetzalcoatl |
The feathered serpent that was the God of the wind. |
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Classes |
Nobles and commoners. Determined by blood or birth. |
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Hierarchy |
Emperors Nobles Priest Merchants Artisans Workers Women
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Leader Privileges |
Palace, Garden, Zoo, Wealth, Clothing, You are carried everywhere, Treated like god, and people at your beckon call. |
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Calpolli |
A neighbourhood that held people of similar jobs and status. With their residents, they led their own ‘government’. |
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Feather Workers |
They were the most respected artisans and worked with sacred birds and only nobles could wear their items. |
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High Status Looks Like... |
Wearing good quality cloth, jewelry, and large size and good location of their house. |
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Status Raising |
A warrior who captured at least 4 enemies would be able to elevate to the noble ranks. |
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Slavery |
A position that was a temporary burden and bad luck. |
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Slave Freedom |
They could become free by doing their duties and repaying debts. Do their time. Being sold?? Run to the emperors home to get free. |
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Girl Education |
All girls got education. Married at 16. |
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Tlaloc |
The God of rain. |
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Women Jobs |
Doctors, healers, priestess, matchmakers, and midwives. |
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Responsibility |
Contributing Hard work Courage Self Sacrifice Modesty Clean Living Obedience |
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Harsh Judging |
Nobles were judged more harshly because they were supposed to be good examples. |
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Sacrificing |
Killing peeps so the Gods can drink their blood. |
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Empire Expansion |
The Aztecs would conquer weaker tribes and form military alliances with the powerful ones. |
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Aztec Merchants |
They brought foreign/luxury foods and goods to the city as well as spy on tribes and create maps so the warriors could have an advantage. |
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Society Organization |
They believed that the group was more important than the individual. People would sacrifice for the good of the community. |
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Birth Traditions |
Boys would get a tiny bow and arrow. Girls would have their umbilical cord buried under the house |
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Coward |
It was the greatest Aztec insult. |
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Tribute |
When the Aztecs captured groups, they would collect a taxation that consisted of food, armour, metals, jewelry, and people to sacrifice. |
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Leader Responsibilities |
Watching the night sky to foretell the future, army commander, head of state, and chief priest. |
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What was the main religion in Spain during the Middle Ages? |
Christianity. |
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Who first took over Spain? |
The Visigoths at the end of the Roman Empire. |
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Was Spain Strong or Not? |
Spain was weak. |
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Who was the second group to take over Spain?
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In 711, a Muslim group stopped in Spain. In a few years, they conquered Spain and Portugal. They were the new rulers. |
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Were the Christians living there forced to convert? |
Some Christians converted due to influence but some didn't because the Muslims were tolerant of religious minorities. |
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Arab Islamic World |
One of the largest economic trade zones. |
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Muslim Rulers Supported... |
The arts and learning because those things lead to an ethical life. Cities were great learning centers. |
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Who was the third group to take over Spain? |
In the 1000's, the Islamic rulers' influence started to decline, and Spain was being sectioned off. The Christian population expanded southward from their small strip of the coast. |
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Reconquista |
The recollection of Spain by Christianity. Christians from all over came to help. It took 10 years. The only Muslim sector was Granada. |
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How did the Christians try to unite Spain? |
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella got married. They were named Catholic Monarchs. They started the Spanish Inquisition. |
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The Spanish Inquisition |
Was a system of courts run by the royalty to unite Spain through Catholicism. They were made to see if people had actually converted. |
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What happened if you refused to convert during the Spanish Inquisition? |
You were exiled and lost all of your possessions. About 250,000 were dispersed. The King gave them 3 months to leave. |
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What happened to the economy after the Inquisition? |
It took a big hit because the majority of the exiled people did essential jobs and owned important businesses. |
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What religious group posed as a threat to Spain's royalty? |
Muslims were promoting Islam in other locations so they decided to convert as many people as possible to their faith. |
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What did all Spanish explorers and Conquistadors have to bring with them on their travels? |
Missionaries were required. |
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Why did the Spanish crown rethink sponsoring Columbus? |
They decided to support Columbus in hopes of converting people over there. And Spain was broke from fighting the Muslims in Granada, so they needed economic support. |
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Why did Columbus lie about the gold supply in Hispanola? |
Because he wanted to do a second expedition, much larger than the first. |
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How did poor nobles support themselves? |
They couldn't work with their hands, so they would have made a career in business and commerce or they would go to the Americas to seek their fortune and be respected in society. |
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The Code of Chivalry |
Was a rule book for knights to conduct themselves on and off the battlefield. |
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Hernan Cortes |
A Spanish hidalgo who is responsible for the demise of the Aztecs. Hispanola- Cuba- Tenochtitlan |
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Conquistadors Formula |
A formula that started with a peaceful meeting, then the capture of the leader, a possible fight, and the subjects will become slaves. |
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Governor Velazquez |
Cortes' "Boss". |
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Yucatan/Peninsula |
The outer edge of the Aztec location. Velazquez and Cortes sent an expedition and received great news. When the two were to go in person, Velazquez tried to cancel because he didn't want Cortes to get all the credit. But Cortes was too savage and ignored him. |
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La Villa Rica de la Veracruz |
A town on the coast of Mexico. |
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Independent Government |
It meant that Cortes was now responsible to the King rather than Velazquez. |
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Sink the ships |
He sank 10 ships and sent 1to Spain, so nobody could return to Cuba. |
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War Club |
Sword |
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Wooden Spear |
Halberd- Like an axe |
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Atlatl |
Crossbow |
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Spanish Weapon Surprise |
The weapons like muskets and horses surprised and intimidated the Aztecs. They thought a fired musket was thunder and lightning. |
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Smallpox |
Smallpox killed many Aztecs and weakened their ability to resist the Spanish, who had grown immune to it. |
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March To The Aztecs |
Cortes met and made alliances and deals with other indigenous groups he met on the way to Tenochtitlan, including Malinche. |
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Malinche |
A noble turned slave after the death of her father. She acted as an intermediate for Cortes and became Christian. She was Cortes' love, advisor, and spy. |
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Who did they meet marching? |
The Totonacs- Alliance + warriors The Tlaxclans- made peace + 1000 soldiers The Cholulans- were Aztec allies- they were conquered |
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Moctezuma's Decision |
He decided to wait and see what the Spanish did, which was a mistake. |
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Battle Pt.1 |
The Spanish met with Moctezuma |
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Battle Pt.2 |
The Spanish place Moctezuma under house arrest. |
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Battle Pt. 3 |
Velazquez comes to arrest Cortes, so he leaves Tenochtitlan to deal with this. Pedro Alvarado is in charge. |
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Battle Pt. 4 |
Alvarado lets the Aztecs hold a festival, but massacres all of the dancers. |
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Battle Pt. 5 |
Cortes defeats Velazquez and comes back with his forces as allies. |
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Battle Pt. 6 |
When he returned it was chaotic. He forced Moctezuma to calm his people, but he was killed by a rock in the process. The Aztecs drove the Spanish out of Tenochtitlan. |
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Battle Pt. 7 |
The Spanish sieged Tenochtitlan. The Aztecs were dying of smallpox and were without fresh water. After 80 days, they were defeated. |
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How many Aztecs survived the siege? |
60,000 Aztecs survived and were enslaved. |
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Aztec Slave Laws |
They had rights and were thought of as unlucky. They could also keep their possessions until their debts had been repaid. |
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After the siege, how did the Aztecs feel about religion? |
The Aztecs felt that God had abandoned them. |
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Franciscan Order |
A group of priests that vowed to live extremely modestly, never marry, and to obey. They came to convert the Aztecs. Cortes kissed their hems. |
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The New Economy/ Encomienda System |
Each piece of land- settler- some Aztec workers that had legal rights. (Education and good treatment) But because the Crown was so far away, the laws were abused. |
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Missing Their Pay |
Cortes's men threatened to rebel because they hadn't received any of the pay they were promised. Spain snatched it all. Cortes asked Spain to pay them. He needed to keep the dudes there as well. |
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Cortes's Solution |
1. Encomienda 2. Marriage law Must marry an indigenous woman- 6-month deadline or you lose your encomienda. These solutions would make long term goals and tie them to the land. |
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Mestizo |
The mixed race people who now dominate the Mexican population. |
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Don Antonio de Mendoza |
The dude who was in charge of governing New Spain in place of Cortes. |
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Viceroy |
A royal representative. |
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Why did Cortes lose his job? |
The King was intimidated by him and feared that he would make himself King of the colony. He thought that Cortes would be selfish. |
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Discontent in New Spain |
The colony was making Spain extremely wealthy, but New Spain had a shortage of schools, roads, and housing. An uproar arose in every class in society, and Mexico became independent (1821). |
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People Relevant In Society Today... |
Frida Kahlo- Mexican Folk Artist and Spanish Icon Octavio Paz- Mexican Writer and Poet |
