Social Structure

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interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interaction

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social structure

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status

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defined position in group/society

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role

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behavior expected of someone occupying a status

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a status assigned according to qualities beyond a person's control

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ascribed status

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A status achieved through a persons own direct efforts

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achieved status

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the status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his/her social identity

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master status

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T or F: a master status can either be acheived or ascribed

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true dat

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you occupy a ____but you play a ______

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you occupy a status but you play a role

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corresponding roles that define patterns of interaction b/t related statuses; depend on other statuses

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reciprocal roles

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the socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role

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role expectations

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different roles attatched to a single status

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role set

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when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status

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role strain

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when people interact in an effort to receive a reward or a return for their actions

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exchange

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if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return

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reciprocity

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the idea that people are motivated by their self-interests in their interactions w/ other people

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exchange theory

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the deliberate attempt to control a person by force

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conflict

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state of balance b/t cooperation and conflict

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accomodation

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set of people who interact ont eh basis of shared expectations

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group

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the way a society uses technology to provide for the needs of its members

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subsistence strategies

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food production is the main economic activity

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preindusrial society

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daily collection of wild plants and the hunting of wild animals

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hunting and gathering societies

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a society that relies on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs

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pastoral society

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specialization by individuals or groups in teh performance of specific economic activities

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division of labor

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fruits and vegetables grown in garden plots that have been cleared from teh junble or forest provide the main source of food for this society

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horticulteral

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a society in which animals are used to pull plows to till the fields

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agricultural society

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socieities in which the emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods

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industrial societies

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a society in which much of the economy is involved in providing information and services

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postindustrial society

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when people share the same values and perform the same tasks, they become united as a whole

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mechanical solidarity

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the impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization

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organic solidarity

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means "community"

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gemeinschaft

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means "society"

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gesellschaft

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societies in which most members know one another and are close to one another

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gemeinschaft

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societies where most social relationships are based on need rather than on emotion. relationships are weak and impersonal

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gesellschaft

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4 aspects of a group

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2 or more people
interaction
shared expectations
common identity

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when people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction

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aggregate

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dyad

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2 members

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triad

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3 members

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small group

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few enough members that everyone is able to interact on a face-to-face basis

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small group of people who interact over a long period of time on a direct and personal basis

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primary group

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a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary

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secondary group

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any group whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt

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reference group

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the group that a person belongs to and identifies with

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in group

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any group a person does not belong to or identify w/

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out group

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task-oriented leaders who find specific means that will help the group reach its goals

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instrumental leaders

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emotion-oriented leaders who find ways ot keep the group together and to maintain morale

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expressive leaders

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large, complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals

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formal organization

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a ranked authority structure that operates acc. to specific rules and procedures

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bureaucracy

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subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, & control

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rationality

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nonprofit organization formed to pursue common interests

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voluntary association

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tendancy of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups

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iron law of oligarchy