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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MARX DEFINITION OF CLASS |
Feudalism: lords who own the lands and peasants who work the land Capitalism: those who own the means of production vs. the labor |
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DAHRENDORF DEFINITION OF CLASS |
Class is based on power, and property is power. |
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WEBER DEFINITION OF CLASS |
Class is people in the same economic situation with similar life outcomes |
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WRIGHT DEFINITION OF CLASS |
Class defined by owners, managers (don't own, but command) and workers (neither own or command) |
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WEALTH VS. INCOME |
Wealth is measured by assets (like property ownership) and income is measured by personal earnings |
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FACTORS THAT HAVE LEAD TO RISING INCOME INEQUALITY |
Has been increasing since the 1970s 1970s - easing of financial regulations, CEO pay expansion 1980s - economic expansion favored those at top, minimum wage did not rise with inflation, tax revenue lowered, government services reduced, loss of manufacturing jobs, bankruptcy laws changed to help big banks 1990, 2000, 2008 - subprime mortgage crisis, recessions, bank bailouts |
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OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE |
White collar: professionals, corporate careers Blue collar: manufacturing in the past, now large urban factories in the midwest Pink collar: nonprofessional service sector, more women Green collar: unskilled manual service tasks, more men Burgundy collar: fast food jobs, mostly young and old *All are increasing except for blue collar* |
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SOCIAL EXPENDITURES |
Health, education, cash benefits Earned income tax credit US currently spends only 25.4 billion on TANF and only 10 billion in cash assistance |
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RACE & PRIVELEGE |
Whiteness is viewed not as a race, but as a category of privelege |
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INTERNAL COLONIZATION |
Colonial oppression within own countries Four types: Governance: neither full autonomy or full participation in national government Movement: little incorporation into wider society with limits on where they live and work Occupation: cultural division of labor with menial tasks for low wages Inferiority: justification of oppression with beliefs about racial inferiority |
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US GOVERNMENT & NATIVE AMERICANS |
Periods of inclusion and exclusion Two major strategies (assimilate the noble savage, annihilate the savage killer) Current: 2/3 live in urban areas (LA) Reservations have 60% poverty rate and 30% unemployment rate |
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INCLUSION POLICIES FOR NATIVE AMERICANS |
Dawes Allotment Act of 1887 1934 Indian Reorganization Act (promoted self government and tribal culture) 1973 Restoration Act (restored reservation status, promoted self autonomy) 1989 Indian Gaming Act (must allow Native American gambling) |
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EXCLUSION POLICIES FOR NATIVE AMERICANS |
Relocation to reservations in 1860s-70s 1898 Curtis Act (called for termination) 1953 Termination Act (eliminated reservation status) 1980s Reagan's Secretary of Interior (said reservations are failure of socialism) |
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US GOVERNMENT & AFRICAN AMERICANS |
Three periods in history: 1. Plantation economy/racial caste oppression (1619-1864, blacks are enslaved) 2. Industrial expansion/conflict/oppression (1865-1930s, blacks at bottom of occupational hierarchy) 3. Declining of significance of race (1940s to present, life chances are determined more by class) |
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US GOVERNMENT & HISPANIC AMERICANS |
Periods of immigrant acceptance and stigma - periods of economic downturn, immigrants were sent back to Mexico periods of war, immigrants needed to fight Current: high anti-immigrant sentiment due to uneven benefits from economic growth |
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RACE VS. ETHNICITY |
Refers to physical characteristics, instead of cultural factors like language or nationality. |
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LABOR MARKETS |
Primary: skills and credentials in high demand, become professionals quickly Secondary: limited skills and credentials for low wage jobs Middleman minorities: mobilize ethnic solidarity to operate small businesses Ethnic enclave: creation of ethnic labor market in metropolitan areas |
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AFFIRMATIVE ACTIONS |
Policy of favoring members of a disadvantaged group who suffer from discrimination within a culture. |
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CRIMINAL RECORDS |
More damaging to black applicants than white applicants Young black men need to work twice as hard to secure same opportunities |
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STEREOTYPES |
When these were mentioned, black students did worse on IQ testing |
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SEX VS. GENDER |
One is biological, one is sociological |
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GENDER & PRIVELEGE |
Masculinity is dominant category Men believe privilege is due to their hard work Men hold more wealth than women, but do less housework and childcare |
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GENDER ROLES |
Men - good provider, success measured by taking care of family Women - womanhood is defined by motherhood |
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PAY GAP |
Women earn $.77 to every dollar a man earns Explained by some legitimate reasons (experience, education, race, occupation, industry, union status) but nearly half explained by non-legitimate reasons Gap is narrowing, but only due to decreasing men's wages |
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PAY GAP DISCRIMINATION |
Most determined by allocative and valuative: Allocative (women allocated to lower paying jobs, valuative (positions help by women have lower pay), within-job (higher wage gap in professional jobs) |
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HIRING DISCRIMINATION |
Three types: Intentional (irrelevant characteristics) Statistical (certain races, genders are more costly to employ) Non-conscious (unintentional favoritism) |
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GENDER & EDUCATION |
Linked to gender segregation in the workplace Credentials can protect against some hiring discrimination |
