Social Research Final Exam Review

Front 1

MODE
-definition-

Back 1

Category or score that occurs the most

Front 2

Unimodal
Bimodal
Multimodal
No Modal

Back 2

Unimodal - 1 category occurs the most
Bimodal - 2 categories tie
Multimodal - 3+ categories tie
No Modal - No categories are more than the rest

Front 3

Mode is the ONLY measure that can be used with...

Back 3

Nominal level measures

Front 4

MODE

Back 4

NOMINAL

Front 5

MEDIAN
-definition-

Back 5

Point that divides observations into 2 equal halves

Front 6

Median is used when working with...

Back 6

Rank ordered data

Front 7

MEAN
-definition-

Back 7

Sum of all the scores divided by the number of scores summed

Front 8

Mean is used with...

Back 8

interval/ratio data

Front 9

Deciding what measures to use:
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval/Ratio

Back 9

Nominal = Mode
Ordinal = Mode & Median
Interval/Ratio = Mode, Median, & Mean

Front 10

Median is more resistant to outliers than..

Back 10

The mean

Front 11

RANGE
-definition-

Back 11

Subtracting the lowest value from the highest

Front 12

VARIANCE
-definition-

Back 12

Arithmetic average of the squared deviations

Front 13

DEVIATION
-definition-

Back 13

The distance between a score and the mean

Front 14

STANDARD DEVIATION
-definition-

Back 14

Square root of the variance tells us how the average score in a distribution varies from the mean

Front 15

You can never have what value for a standard deviation?

Back 15

A negative value should never occur

Front 16

Standard deviation is used best with what measures?

Back 16

Interval/Ratio

Front 17

RATIO
-definition-

Back 17

Compares 2 quantities that have the same units

Front 18

RATE
-definition-

Back 18

Compare 2 quantities with Different types of units

Front 19

PROPORTION
-definition-

Back 19

States that 2 ratio/rates are equal

Front 20

PERCENT
-definition-

Back 20

A number divided by 100 and written with a % sign behind it

Front 21

Research Hypothesis
-definition-

Back 21

A declarative sentence stating how 2+ variables are believed to relate or differ from each other

Front 22

What is the abbreviatio of research hypothesis?

Back 22

H1

Front 23

Null Hypothesis
-definition-

Back 23

A sentence that states that there is NO real relationship/difference between variables in the population

Front 24

2 tailed Research Hypothesis
-definition-

Back 24

States how 2+ variables will relate, BUT doesn't state the direction

Front 25

1 tailed Research Hypothesis
-definition-

Back 25

States the direction of how 2+ variables will relate

Front 26

Nondirectional hypothesis is a ...

Back 26

2 tailed research hypothesis

Front 27

Directional hypothesis is a...

Back 27

1 tailed research hypothesis

Front 28

Signficance Level is also known as an...

Back 28

Alpha Level

Front 29

Alpha Level
-definition-

Back 29

Indicates how big a risk a researcher is williing to take in REJECTING the null

Front 30

Alpha level can also be defined as...

Back 30

The odds that the observed result is due to chance

Front 31

The lower the alpha the less likely...

Back 31

the researcher will make an error

Front 32

Decision Rule
-definition-

Back 32

A statement that specifies what values of a sample statistic will promt you to retain or reject H0

Front 33

TYPE 1 Error
-definition-

Back 33

When one says "There is a relationship,"
BUT there is NO RELATIONSHIP

Front 34

Type II Error
-defintiion-

Back 34

When one says, "There is no relationship, BUT THERE IS a relationship."

Front 35

Normal Distribution
-definition-

Back 35

A mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Front 36

Normal distributions allow us to...

Back 36

1) Determine exact proportions/percentages between any 2 scores
2) How a score relates to another
3) Compare scores
4) Estimate probability of an event's occurence

Front 37

Z-scores turn normal distributions into..

Back 37

Standardized normal distributions

Front 38

Z-curve/Z-score
-alternate names-

Back 38

1)Standard normal distribution
2)Standard score

Front 39

Z-score
-calculation-

Back 39

(Raw score - Mean)
-------------------
Standard deviation

Front 40

If a Z-score is Larger than the mean...

Back 40

The z-score will be +

Front 41

To determine the percentage of a score in relation to the whole, you should...

Back 41

1)Calculate the z-score
2)Use a table to determine the percentage
3a) Add 50.0 if you want the percentage under a score and
3b)Subtract from 50.0 to determine the percentage above the score

Front 42

Chi Square
-definition-

Back 42

A statistical procedure determines whether the proportion of persons with some charateristic is the same for 1 group as for another.

Front 43

When is Chi Square used?

Back 43

When the DV is categorical
and it needs to be analyzed with a nominal independent variable

Front 44

If the Chi Square is small...
If the Chi Square is LARGE...

Back 44

Small = small insignficant, little to no association between variables
LARGE = signficant association between variables

Front 45

Chi Square can be used with what kind of data?

Back 45

Nominal and Ordinal

Front 46

Chi Square can NOT be used with what data?

Back 46

Interval-level unless categories are created

Front 47

When the Chi Square is used to determine how the proportions of sample compare with the population you are doing a test called...

Back 47

Goodness of Fit

Front 48

A Chi Square allows for what...

Back 48

A researcher to have enormous flexibility and
Have no limit on the number of categories

Front 49

Alpha level can also be defined as...

Back 49

The odds that the observed result is due to chance

Front 50

The lower the alpha the less likely...

Back 50

the researcher will make an error

Front 51

Decision Rule
-definition-

Back 51

A statement that specifies what values of a sample statistic will promt you to retain or reject H0

Front 52

TYPE 1 Error
-definition-

Back 52

When one says "There is a relationship,"
BUT there is NO RELATIONSHIP

Front 53

Type II Error
-defintiion-

Back 53

When one says, "There is no relationship, BUT THERE IS a relationship."

Front 54

Normal Distribution
-definition-

Back 54

A mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1.

Front 55

Normal distributions allow us to...

Back 55

1) Determine exact proportions/percentages between any 2 scores
2) How a score relates to another
3) Compare scores
4) Estimate probability of an event's occurence

Front 56

Z-scores turn normal distributions into..

Back 56

Standardized normal distributions

Front 57

Z-curve/Z-score
-alternate names-

Back 57

1)Standard normal distribution
2)Standard score

Front 58

Z-score
-calculation-

Back 58

(Raw score - Mean)
-------------------
Standard deviation

Front 59

If a Z-score is Larger than the mean...

Back 59

The z-score will be +

Front 60

To determine the percentage of a score in relation to the whole, you should...

Back 60

1)Calculate the z-score
2)Use a table to determine the percentage
3a) Add 50.0 if you want the percentage under a score and
3b)Subtract from 50.0 to determine the percentage above the score

Front 61

t-Test
-definition-

Back 61

A bivariate analysis that examines the differences between the 2 groups by looking at their means while weighing the sampling error

Front 62

Degrees of Freedom
-definition-

Back 62

A numerical way of expressing how much capacity the data have to vary

Front 63

Independent-samples t-Test
-definition-

Back 63

A t-Test used when 2 group are not connected or related to each other in a direct way

Front 64

Independent t-Test is used when you have...

Back 64

2 groups NOT connected in a direct way

Front 65

Paired t-Test are used when you have...

Back 65

A single (1) group is measured mutliple times

Front 66

If you have Pre-test, Intervention, and Post-test you use what t-Test?

Back 66

Paired t-Test

Front 67

One-Sample t-Test
-defintion-

Back 67

Used to determine if a randomly drawn sample is representative of the population

Front 68

One-Sample t-Test is used when...

Back 68

The population parameters are already known

Front 69

ANOVA stands for...

Back 69

One-way Analysis of Variance

Front 70

ANOVA
-definition-

Back 70

-definition- Statistical procedure used when with an interval dependent variable and 3+ groups

Front 71

ANOVA is based on...

Back 71

The variance within groups and between groups

Front 72

ANOVA allows the researcher to...

Back 72

Understand if the groups signficantly vary

Front 73

4 Questions a researcher should consider with ANOVA

Back 73

1)Is data measured at interval and are they a random sample of larger populations?
2)Are the groups independent of each other?
3) Are the data normally distributed?
4) Is there approximately the same # of cases in each group?

Front 74

ANOVA df will equal...

Back 74

The number of subjects minus 1

Front 75

Single Subject Design
-defintion-

Back 75

Quasi-experimental research that involves assessing change in a dependent variable on a single research subject

Front 76

Why the use of SSD?

Back 76

1)Traditional research is too quantitative
2)Group experiments are difficult to conduct in clincial settings
3) Aggregate data obsures individual difference

Front 77

Positive features of SSD

Back 77

1) Bridges research/practice gap
2) Personalization of research
3) Comparison of time periods for 1 client

Front 78

Types of SSD Designs

Back 78

AB
ABA or ABAB - withdrawal/reversal
ABC/ABCD - modifications to interventions

Front 79

Limitations

Back 79

1) Difficult to determine reliability of individual's observations
2) Difficult to assess the viability of alternative explanations
3) researchers konw expectations and hypotheses thus can influence the outcome
4) gernalizability limited