Social Psychology Test 2

Front 1

What is “categorical differentiation”?

Back 1

The exaggeration of differences between groups, and the minimizing of differences within groups.

Front 2

What is the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Back 2

View that all members of an outgroup are seen as the same type of person and having little variablity between members while seeing the ingroup as being composed of a very diverse population

Front 3

Give some explanations for the outgroup homogeneity effect?

Back 3

cognitive
-familiarity: more interaction with ingroup means more opportunities to see differences within the ingroup. less interaction with outgroup means less oportunity to see variablity within the outgroup

motivational
-need to ensure predicatability of the outgroup
-need to justify discriminatory behaviors
-need to differentiate between groups
-need to acquire and preserve a positive social identity

Front 4

When do we observe ingroup homogeneity?

Back 4

-When ingroup is smaller than outgroup
-When there is a need to bolster a threatened social identity
-When the need to assimilate is stronger than the need to be different from others
-During intense conflict (both ingroup and outgroup hmgnty)

Front 5

What is a stereotype?

Back 5

An exaggerated belief associated with a category. its function is to justify our conduct in relation to that category (Allport)

Front 6

Give the three essential features of stereotyping.

Back 6

-Other individuals are categorized based on easily identifiable characteristics
-A set of traits is attributed to all (or most) of the category. Individuals belonging to the stereotyped group are assumed to be similar to each other and differnt from other groups
-The set of traits is attributed to any individual member of that category

Front 7

What are the collective functions (purposes) of stereotypes?

Back 7

Collective functions
-social explanation: creating and maintaining group ideologies that justify and explain intergroup relations, especially treatment of outgroup members
-social differentiation: creating, preserving, or enhancing positively valued distinctiveness for the ingroup

Front 8

Compare the descriptive and evaluative aspects of stereoptypes.

Back 8

these are interperetations of reality

evaluative
ingroup: we are careful
outgroup: they are distrustful

descriptive
chinese people and american people agree that chinese people are relatively inhibitted

Front 9

What is prejudice? (emotion-based)

Back 9

a social emotion experienced with respect to one's social identity as a group member with an outgroup as a target

Front 10

How does apraisal theory apply to stereotyping and predjudice?

Back 10

-Stereotypes result from the relations between groups
-They can change their content as relations change

these cognitive interpretations of reality give rise to different emotional responses(predjudice)

Front 11

From the stereotype content model: give the stereotypes and emotions that result

Back 11

Low competence + low warmth = Contempt
Low competence + high warmth = Pity
High competence + low warmth = Envy
High competence + high warmth = Pride (usually ingroup or groups closely related to ingroup)

Front 12

Give the two sources of predjudice and examples of each.

Back 12

Cognitive
-categorical differentiation :us v. them
-appraisals of social context :competition, fairness, goal compatability

Social sources
-Socialization
-Social inequality
-Institutional support

Front 13

What is social identity?

Back 13

the part of the individual's self concept which derives from knowledge of membership of a social group together with the value and emotional significance attached to that group

Front 14

What are some strategies for negative group membership?

Back 14

Dis-identification
Restoring positivity

Front 15

Give some examples of dis-identification

Back 15

psychological distance
-self as more important
-cutting off faliure that are reflected by the group

physical distance
-dissociation - leaving the group

Front 16

Dive some examples of restoring positivity to a negative group membership

Back 16

-focus on good dimensions fo group
-recategorization

Front 17

What are some things strong social identity is correlated with?

Back 17

-personal esteem/general well-being
-percieved group deprivation
-percieved descrimination (esp. non maj. grps)
-more extreme evaluation of ingroup deviants
-both ingroup and outgroup homogeneity

Front 18

What is dehuminzation?

Back 18

lessening the humanity of victims as to make it easier for people to persecute them

Front 19

Give two forms of deindividuation and characteristics of each

Back 19

Subject focused
-provides perpetrators with anonymity which facilitates acts of atrocity
-diffuses responsibility, and mutually reinforces group memberships in their veiw that they are all behaving appropriately

Object focused
-deprives victims of their individualty, and encourages uniformity of treatment of all out group members

Front 20

What are the five theories of conflict we went over in class?

Back 20

-Realistic group conflict theory
-Social identity theory
-Social dominance theory
-Terror management theory
-Relative deprivation theory

Front 21

What is realistic group conflict theory and how does it bring about conflict?

Back 21

Classic theory that states that conflict arises from competition for scarece resources

Front 22

What is social identity theory and how does it bring about conflict?

Back 22

-Modern theory that says that group membership is included in self image.
-Conlfict arises in order to protect the group and the self

Front 23

What is social dominance theory and how does it bring about conflict?

Back 23

-Societies are stratified into hierarchies, based on nationality, ethnicities, religions -> “Tribes”
-Intergroup conflict arises to maintain or subvert social hierarchies

Front 24

What is terror management theory and how does it bring about conflict?

Back 24

-People have an existential need for self-preservation, and this need is challenged by the inevitability of death
-Intergroup conflict is partly caused by challenges to our worldviews and their possible extinction.

Front 25

what is relative deprivation theory and how does it bring about conflict?

Back 25

modern thoery that states social comparison determines satisfaction with how things are
-conflict arises when one group is doing better than another

Front 26

What is decategorization?

Back 26

Removing group lables when interacting whit members of outgroups. Evaluation of outgroup members based solely on individual charactersitics, not those associated with outgroup

Front 27

What are the limits of decategorization?

Back 27

If you interact with members of an outgroup and have a postive interation, you won't associate those positive feelings with that outgroup if you dont know what it is.
-suppresion of race or ethnicity may even increase stereotyping.

Front 28

What is crossed categorization?

Back 28

Many people belong to more than one social group giving rise to the possibility that two members of different groups may share a common identity in another group
i.e black christian, white christian

-weakens OHE

Front 29

What are the limits to crossed categorization?

Back 29

Those individual who are double outgroup members will have even less in common and possibly more soureces of conflict
-some group memberships are moe important than others

Front 30

What is common ingroup identity?

Back 30

Resolving intergroup conflict by creating a superordinate ingroup
-instead of us and them use 'we'

Front 31

What are the limitations to common ingroup identity?

Back 31

-Threatens to deprive individuals of valued social identities in smaller, less inclusive groups
-By irradicating or replacing oroginal categorizations, not likely to meet needs of assimilation and differentiation.

Front 32

What is dual identity?

Back 32

Its an improvement in common ingroup identity. Combines it with crossed categorization.
Basically, you keep your individual groups but you are also apart of superordinate group.

Front 33

How do commin ingroup identity and dual identity differ?

Back 33

CII tries to get rid of individual groups in favor of a more common superordinate group. Dual identity lets individuals keep their smaller groups while interacting at the superordinate group level.

Front 34

What are the limitiations to dual identity?

Back 34

-Problem for the dual-identity approach is that members of majority and minority groups may have different preferences for what model of intergroup relations to adopt
-Dominant majority ethnic groups tend to favor assimilation, whereas racial and ethnic minorities favor pluralistic integration

Front 35

What is the aim of the category salience model?

Back 35

To keep group memberships clear in contact situations and generalize positive interpersonal contact via typical outgroup members.

Front 36

whatare the limitations to category salience?

Back 36

Emphasis on group memberships may increase intergroup anxiety -> ie if there isnt enough impact to disconfirm stereotype or if there is negative interaction.

Front 37

What re the five optimal conditions for Allport Contact hypothesis?

Back 37

-Equal status
-Stereotypes are disconfirmed
-Cooperation
-Situation allows participants to get to know each other properly
-Norms support equality

Front 38

What dependant measures can contact change (contact hypothesis)?

Back 38

-outgroup attitudes
-percieved increased variability of the outgroup
-decategorization
-trust
-forgiveness

Front 39

How does contact produce change (contact hypothesis)?

Back 39

-Learning about the outgroup
-changing behavior
-in-group reappraisal
-generating affective ties
-reducing intergroup anxiety

Front 40

What is attitude? (evaluative)

Back 40

Attitude is a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor

Front 41

What effect does attitude have on information processing with regards to
-memory
-attention
-interpretation

Back 41

-Attitudes guide attentional processes
-Attitudes guide judgment and interpretation
-Attitudes guide memory

Front 42

The construct of attitudinal strength

Back 42

-Non-ambivalence of relevant beliefs
-High consistency among attitude components
-The strength of the evaluative response itself
-Extremity
-Accessibility

Front 43

what are consequences of attitude strength

Back 43

-resistance against persuasive attack
-persistance over time
-predictive of behavior

Front 44

What are some self-report measures?

Back 44

Likert scale
social distance
single item
multi item

Front 45

what is a likert scale

Back 45

measures attitudes using a range of statements

Front 46

when is a singel item self repor measure ok?

Back 46

using degree of favorability?

ie how do you feel about ___ in genral rate using a degree scale from cold 0 to warm 100

Front 47

what are some probelms with the singel item scale?

Back 47

-not reliable
-vague
-do not capture the whole attitude

Front 48

what re some limitations to self report measures

Back 48

-social desireablity
- sponteneity - person doesnent really know how they feel or doesnt know anything about the topic so they give a random answer

Front 49

what are some physiological non self report measures

Back 49

-galvanic skin response
-electromyography (face)

Front 50

give some examples of behavioral observation (non-self report)

Back 50

-seating arrangement in class
-eye contact
-lost letter technique
-bogus pipeline

Front 51

what is the difference between an implicit and explicit measure

Back 51

implicit
-evaluations that are automatically activated by the mere presence of the attitude object
-unintentional, unaware

explicit
-those that operate in a concios mode

Front 52

give some implicit measures

Back 52

Affective priming
implicit association test (IAT)

Front 53

what is affective priming

Back 53

comparing latency periods during responses to differntly valenced words followed by primes
-measures of unintention bias

Front 54

what is an implicit association test and how does it work?

Back 54

-form of affective priming
-compare response times
-when two concepts are associated it shoud be easy to give the same response to their exemplars (short time, less mistakes)
-not associated (long time, more mistakes)

Front 55

What are limitations to the implicit association test

Back 55

-order of combined tasks influences measure
-practice reduces IAT results

Front 56

What are the five typical heuristics?

Back 56

-attractiveness heuristic
-familiarity heuristic
-feelings heuristic
-expertise heuristic
-length of message heuristic

Front 57

What is superficial processing

Back 57

Using heuristic cues to evaluate when not really paying attention. Does not impact our thinking

Front 58

What is systematic processing

Back 58

Deep processing

Front 59

What are the two main factors that determine systematic vs heuristic processing

Back 59

motivation
cognitive capacity

Front 60

What motivates deep processing?

Back 60

-When there is a motivation for accuracy
-consequences
-eveidence isnt clear

-when there is self relevance: it matters to individual

Front 61

What are the effects of cognitive capacity on systtematic processing?

Back 61

ability to process
-if mental ability is low -> heuristic
-if arguements are complex and numerous -> heuristic

opportunity to process
-interruptions, distractions -> heuristic

Front 62

what effect do positive moods have on motivation and cognitive capacity

Back 62

positive mood acts as feelings heuristic -> less motivation for deep processing

good mood activates a network of related material -> hard tto focus

Front 63

what effect do negative moods have on motivation and cognitive capacity

Back 63

-less ability to concentrate
-more reasoning errors

Front 64

what is inoculation?

Back 64

giving counter arguments ahead of time

Front 65

what did the subliminal persuasion demonstrate?

Back 65

placebo effect

Front 66

what is missattribution?

Back 66

feeling an emotion and attributing itt o the wrong source

Front 67

what is reactance?

Back 67

tendancy for humans to dislike what challenges their freedom