Social Psychology Test 1 Gsu

Front 1

The effect that the words, actions or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior

Back 1

social influence

Front 2

The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

Back 2

social psychology

Front 3

The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world

Back 3

construal

Front 4

The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people

Back 4

individual differences

Front 5

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

Back 5

fundamental attribution error

Front 6

A school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behaviors, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment-that is, how positive and negative events in the environment are associated with specific behaviors

Back 6

behaviorism

Front 7

A school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object

Back 7

gestalt psychology

Front 8

People's evaluations of their own self-worth

Back 8

self- esteem

Front 9

The extent to which people view themselves as good, competent, and decent

Back 9

self-worth

Front 10

How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgements and decisions

Back 10

social cognition

Front 11

Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless

Back 11

automatic thinking

Front 12

Mental structure people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember

Back 12

schemas

Front 13

The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when we are making judgements about the social world

Back 13

accessibility

Front 14

The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

Back 14

priming

Front 15

The finding that people's beliefs about themselves and the social world persist even after the evidence supporting these beliefs is discredited

Back 15

perseverance effect

Front 16

The case whereby people (1) have an expectation about what another person is like, which (2) innfluences how they act toward that person, which (3) causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectation, making the expectations come true

Back 16

self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 17

Mental shorcuts people use to make judgements quickly and efficiently

Back 17

judgemental heuristics

Front 18

A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgement on the ease with which they can bring something to mind

Back 18

availability heuristic

Front 19

A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

Back 19

representativeness heuristic

Front 20

Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

Back 20

base rate information

Front 21

A mental shortcut whereby people use a number or value as a starting point and then adjust insufficiently from this anchor

Back 21

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Front 22

Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

Back 22

controlled thinking

Front 23

The attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget

Back 23

thought suppression

Front 24

Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

Back 24

counterfactual thinking

Front 25

The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgements

Back 25

overconfidence barrier

Front 26

The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

Back 26

social perception

Front 27

The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; facial expressions, tones of vioce, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch and gaze

Back 27

nonverbal communication

Front 28

To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back

Back 28

encode

Front 29

The interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

Back 29

decode

Front 30

The facial expression in which one part of the race registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

Back 30

affect blend

Front 31

Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display

Back 31

display rules

Front 32

nonverbal gestures that have well understood definitions which a given culture; they usually direct verbal translations, such as the "OK" sign

Back 32

emblems

Front 33

A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior

Back 33

attribution theory

Front 34

The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

Back 34

internal attribution

Front 35

The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is taht most people would respond the same way in that situation

Back 35

external attribution

Front 36

The tendency to infer that people's behavior corresponds to their disposition

Back 36

correspondence bias

Front 37

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factores and to underestimate the role of situational factors

Back 37

fundamental attribution theory

Front 38

The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention

Back 38

perceptual salience

Front 39

Analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution

Back 39

two-step process of attribution

Front 40

A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for example, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well

Back 40

implicit personality theory

Front 41

The tendency to overestimate the extent to which our actions and appearance are salient to others

Back 41

spotlight effect

Front 42

The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally cause but focuesing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior

Back 42

actor/observer difference

Front 43

Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dipositional factors and explanations for on'es failures that blame external, situational factors

Back 43

self-serving attributions

Front 44

Explanations for behaviors that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

Back 44

defensive attributions

Front 45

A form of defensive attribution wherein people think that good things are more likely to happen to them than to their peers and that bad things are less likely to happen to them than to their peers

Back 45

unrealistic optimism

Front 46

A form of defensice attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people

Back 46

belief in a just world

Front 47

The desire to be accurate and the ability to maintian self-esteem

Back 47

motives to guide construals

Front 48

Strength of schemas study

Back 48

Ross et al.

Front 49

Guest lecture study

Back 49

Kelley

Front 50

What do schemas influence?

Back 50

attention, interpretation, and memory

Front 51

Your recent experiences

Back 51

priming

Front 52

Priming study

Back 52

Higgins et al.

Front 53

Effects of presentation

Back 53

primacy effect

Front 54

The tendency for irrelavent or unimportant information to weaken social judgements

Back 54

dilution effect