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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Random Assignment (27)
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the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all participants have an equal chance of being chosen
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Mundane Realism (27)
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degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
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Experimental Realism (27)
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Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its participants
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Deception (27)
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An effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes.
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Dependent Variable (26)
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The variable being measured. Depends on the manipulations of the independent variable.
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Demand Characteristics (28)
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Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
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Informed Consent (28)
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An ethical research principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.
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Debriefing (28)
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In social psychology, the postexperimental explanation of a study to its participants. Usually discloses any deception.
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Social Psychology (4)
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The study of the individual in a group.
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Princeton-Dartmouth Game (5)
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Students from each school were shown a video of their violent game. The students could not put aside their biases. (Not very objective- view through our own beliefs and values)
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Social Neuroscience (9)
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An integration of biological and social perpectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors.
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Hindsight Bias (14)
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The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
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Examples of Hindsight Bias (15)
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The contradictory quotes.
Ex: "He who hesitates is lost" vs. "Look before you leap" |
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Hypothesis (18)
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A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
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Field Research (18)
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Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
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Correlation vs. Experiment (19)
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Correlation: the study of naturally occurring relationships between variables.
Experimentation: Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others. |
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Things that can influence surveys (22-25)
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Unrepresentative Samples
Order of Questions Response Options Wording of Questions |
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Independent Variable (25)
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The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.
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Social Neuroscience (9)
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An integration of biological and social perpectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors.
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Hindsight Bias (14)
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The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out.
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Examples of Hindsight Bias (15)
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The contradictory quotes.
Ex: "He who hesitates is lost" vs. "Look before you leap" |
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Hypothesis (18)
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A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events.
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Field Research (18)
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Research done in natural, real-life settings outside the laboratory.
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Correlation vs. Experiment (19)
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Correlation: the study of naturally occurring relationships between variables.
Experimentation: Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors while controlling others. |
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Things that can influence surveys (22-25)
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Unrepresentative Samples
Order of Questions Response Options Wording of Questions |
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Independent Variable (25)
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The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates.
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Spotlight Effect (36)
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The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior than they really are.
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Illusion of Transparency (36)
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The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
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Illusion of Transparency Example (37)
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Study on public speaking. People thought they appeared far more nervous than their partner appeared to be.
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Self-Concept (39)
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A person's answers to the question, "who am I"?
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Self-Schema (39)
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Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
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Possible Selves (39)
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Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
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Social Comparison (40)
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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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Looking glass self (41)
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How we think others perceive us as a mirror for how we perceive ourselves.
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Individualism vs. Collectivism (42)
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Individualism- The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
Collectivism- Giving priority to the goals of one's groups and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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Interdependent Self (42)
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Construing one's identity in relation to others.
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Framing (23)
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The way a question is posed.
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Differences between American and Japanese students (46)
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American students talk and contribute during class.
Japanese students just listen to the lecture and don't ask questions or comment. |
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Planning Fallacy (48)
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The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
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Impact Bias (49)
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Overestimate the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
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Immune Neglect (50)
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The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system" which enable emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen.
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Dual Attitudes (51)
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Differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes change with education and persuasion; implicit change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
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Self-esteem (52)
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A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self worth.
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The "Dark Side" of self-esteem (53)
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Those that have high self-esteem and high narcissism are aggressive. Criminals usually have both high self-esteem and narcissism.
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Self-Efficacy (57)
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A sense that one is competent and effective. This is different from self-esteem, which is one's sense of worth.
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Locus of Control (58)
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The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces.
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Learned Helplessness (59)
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The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events.
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What are the costs of excess choice? (60)
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More choices often lead to less satisfaction. Ex: Give a free trip to Hawaii or Paris and they will be thrilled. Give them the choice between the two and they may have regret.
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Self-Serving Bias (63)
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The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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Self-Serving Attributions (63)
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A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
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When do we see ourselves as better than average? (64-65)
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On subjective, socially desirable, and common dimensions.
Also, ethics, virtues, intelligence, tolerance, parental support, insight, attractiveness and driving. |
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Unrealistic Optimism (66)
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People believe that they are far more likely to have positive than negative outcomes in their lives.
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Defensive Pessimism (68)
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The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action.
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False Consensus Effect (68)
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The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and of one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
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False Uniqueness Effect (69)
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The Tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's ability and one's desirable or successful behaviors.
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Self-Serving Bias as Adaptive (70)
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May help project people from depression.
More likely to sustain positive feelings. Helps to buffer stress. |
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Self-Serving Bias as Maladaptive (71)
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Can poison a group.
People who blame others for their social difficulties are often unhappier than people who acknowledge their mistakes. |
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Group-Serving Bias (71)
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Explaining away outgroup members positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group)
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False Modesty (72)
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The pretense of being humble without the actual feeling of humility.
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Self-Handicapping (73)
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Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
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Self-Presentation (73)
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The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.
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Self-Monitoring (74)
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Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.
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Self-Reference Effect (51)
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The tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself.
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Priming (80)
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Activating particular associations in memory. (Seeing Saw III and then all normal sounds are frightening)
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Pro-Israeli, Pro-Arab Study (82)
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Both groups thought that the media was being biased Against their group.
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Kulechov Effect (83)
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Priming- when one is given information prior to the stimulus (a picture of a man with a neutral face), one will see the face as having clear emotions.
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Belief Perseverance (84)
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Persisting of one's initial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why it might be true survives.
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Misinformation Effect (86)
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Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it.
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On page (87)
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We misrecall the past as more like the present than it actually was.
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