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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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random sampling
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a method of selection in which everyone in a population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.
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random assignment
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concerns not who is selected to be in the study but rather how participants in the study are assigned to different conditions. participants are not assigned to a condition on the basis of their personal or behavioral characteristics.
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experiment
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a form of research that can demonstrate causal relationships because 1) the experimenter has control over the events that occur and 2) participants are randomly assigned to conditions.
-experiments demonstrate cause and effect relationships. the experiment is conducted to eliminate the influence of any factors other than the experimental manipulation. |
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mundane realism
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the degree to which the experimental situation resembles places and events in the real world.
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experimental realism
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the degree to which the experimental setting and procedures are real and involving to the participant, regardless of whether they resemble real life or not.
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self perception theory
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the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior. BEM
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downward social comparisons
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the defensive tendency to compare ourselves with others who are worse off than we are.
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self handicapping
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refers to actions people take to handicap their own performance in order to build an excuse for anticipated
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attribution theory
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a group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior.
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fundamental attribution error
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the tendency to focus on the role of personal causes and underestimate the impact of situations on other people's behavior. (alex trebek)
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availability heuristic
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the tendency to estimate the likelihood that an event will occur by how easily instances of it come to mind. (easier to bring to mind words that start with R rather than have R as the third letter)
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false consensus effect
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the tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions, attributes, and behaviors.
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base rate fallacy
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the finding that people are relatively insensitive to consensus information presented in the form of numerical base rates.
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counterfactual thinking
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the tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not. "you don't win silver, you lose gold"
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priming
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the tendency for frequently or recently used concepts to come to mind easily and influence the way we interpret new information. (impressions shaped by trait words)
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primacy effect
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the tendency for information presented early in a sequence to have more of an impact on impressions than information presented later.
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ambivalent sexism
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Form of sexism characterized by attitudes about women that reflect both negative, resentful beliefs and feelings and affectionate and chivalrous but potentially patronizing beliefs and feelings
hostile sexism benevolent sexism |
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kelly's covariation theory
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a principle of attribution theory that holds that people attribute behavior to factors that are present when a behavior occurs and are absent when it does not.
1. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency |
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modern racism
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a form of racism that surfaces in subtle ways when it is safe, socially acceptable and easy to rationalize. (telling a joke and then saying just kidding)
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implicit racism
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racism that operates unconsciously and unintentionally
figure 5.3, 5.4 |
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stereotype threat
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the experience of concern about being evaluated based on negative stereotypes about one's group. (Steele)
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superordinate goal
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mutual goals that could be achieved only through cooperation. sherif - robbers cave.
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contact hypothesis
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the theory that direct contact between hostile groups will reduce intergroup prejudice under certain conditions.
1. equal status, personal interaction, cooperative activities, and social norms. |
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cognitive dissonance theory
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the theory holding that inconsistent cognitions arouses psychological tension that people become motivated to reduce. (festinger) (breaking a diet-oh well life is short!)
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IAT
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a covert measure of unconscious attitudes derived from the speed at which people respond to pairings of concepts - such as black or white with good or bad.
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central route to persuasion
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the process by which a person thinks carefully about a communication and is influenced by the strength of its arguments.
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peripheral route to persuasion
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the process by which a person does not think carefully about a communication and is influenced instead by superficial cues.
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conformity
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the tendency to change our perceptions, opinions, or behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms.
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informational influence
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influence that produces conformity when a person believes others are correct in their judgments. (four eyes are better than one) -more people answer, must be right.
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normative influence
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influence that produces conformity when a person fears the negative social consequences of appearing deviant. (neglected, ignored, ostracized)
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private conformity
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change not only overt behavior, but minds as well
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public conformity
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superficial change in overt behavior w/out corresponding change of opinion.
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asch line study
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37% went along with the wrong line. (public conformity)
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compliance
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changes in behavior that are elicited by direct requests
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foot in the door
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influence sets the stage for the real request by first getting a person to comply with a much smaller request.
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lowballing
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influencer secures agreement with a request but then increases the size of that request by revealing hidden costs.
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door in the face technique
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a two step compliance technique in which an influencer prefaces the real request with one that is so large that it is rejected.
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that's not all
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influencer begins with an inflated request, then decreases its apparent size by offering a discount or bonus.
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obedience
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behavior change produced by the commands of authority.
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milgram obedience study
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65% delivered the highest amount. 450 volts
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social facilitation
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a process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks. (zajonc -arousal, dominant response, type of task)
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social loafing
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a group produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.
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collective effort
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the theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.
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de individuation
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the loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior. (mob mentality)
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performance matching
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group members work only as hard as they see others work.
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free riding
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as others contribute ideas, people may feel less motivated to work hard themselves. they see their own contributions as less necessary or less likely to have much impact. they therefore engage in social loafing.
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social dilemma
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a situation in which a self-interested choice by everyone will create the worst possible outcome for everyone.
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Type A personality
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a pattern of behavior characterized by extremes of competitive striving for achievement, a sense of time urgency, hostility, and aggression.
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depressive explanatory style
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a habitual tendency to attribute negative events to causes that are stable, global, and internal. -blame the self.
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voir dire
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the pretrial examination of prospective jurors by the judge or opposing lawyers to uncover signs of bias.
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peremptory challenge
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a means by which lawyers can exclude a limited number of prospective jurors without the judge's approval.
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Sternberg's triangular theory of love
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a theory proposing that love has three basic components- intimacy, passion, and commitment-that can be combined to produce eight subtypes.
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negative state relief model
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the proposition that people help others in order to counteract their own feelings of sadness.
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egoistic
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motivated by the desire to increase one's own welfare.
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bystander effect
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the effect whereby the presence of others inhibits helping.
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diffusion of responsibility
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the belief that others will or should take the responsibility for providing assistance to a person in need.
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audience inhibition
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reluctance to help for fear of making a bad impression on observers. (intervening during a gang rape)
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empathy
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vicariously experiencing another person's perspective and feeling sympathy and compassion for that individual.
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social learning theory
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learn from the example of others as well as from direct experience with rewards and punishments. (bandura bobo doll)
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displacement
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aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access.
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lepper marker study
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over justification effect: the kids who had expected or received a reward were no longer as interested in the markers as they had been. lost intrinsic motivation.
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general adaptation syndrome
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a three stage process (alarm, resistance, and exhaustion) by which the body responds to stress.
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self efficacy
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a person's belief that he or she is capable of the specific behavior required to produce a desired outcome in a given situation.
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3 heart disease factors
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hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking
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