Social Psychology Exam 2

Front 1

Self-schemas

Back 1

Organizing structures that help guide the construal of social information

Front 2

Reflected Self-Appraisals

Back 2

Beliefs about what others think of oneself

Front 3

Social Comparisons

Back 3

Help people learn about their own attributes, attitudes, and personal traits

Front 4

Trait Self-Esteem

Back 4

Stable part of one's identity

Front 5

State Self-Esteem

Back 5

Changes per different contextual factors

Front 6

Contingencies of Self-Worth

Back 6

Domains of importance

Front 7

Self-Regulation

Back 7

Motivating and Controlling Behavior

Front 8

Self-Discrepancy Theory

Back 8

Investigates how people compare their actual self to both their ideal self and ought self and the emotional consequences of such comparisons

Front 9

Promotion Focus

Back 9

People regulate their behavior to ideal self-standards (strive for positive outcomes)

Front 10

Preventive Focus

Back 10

People regulate their behavior with respect to ought self-standards (avoid negative outcomes

Front 11

Ego Depletion

Back 11

Increases difficulty of maintaining self-control

Front 12

Self-Presentation

Back 12

People put themselves in ways they want to be seen

Front 13

Face

Back 13

Image that people want others to see of them

Front 14

Self-Monitoring

Back 14

Ensures that a person's behavior fits the social context

Front 15

Self-Handicapping

Back 15

Protection of the public-self by blaming an excuse on a failure

Front 16

Charles Coakley

Back 16

Looking glass- People may have high expectations of you which can influence behavior

Front 17

George Herbert Mead

Back 17

We're always thinking about how others are thinking about us

Front 18

Working self-concept

Back 18

Includes core self-conceptions along with less-central self-conceptions that may depend on the social context

Front 19

Spotlight Effect

Back 19

Acute, intense self-awareness

Front 20

Interdependent Cultures

Back 20

(Collectiveness) Identity is much more social. Fitting in is more important. People in these cultures will take about themselves in this light. Ego tends to be frowned upon

Front 21

Self-Esteem

Back 21

Global positive or negative feelings about the self

Front 22

Self-handicapping

Back 22

Protecting self-image by setting up a situation that makes it difficult to succeed but creates a handy excuse for failure

Front 23

Defensive Pessimism

Back 23

Strategy in which a person expects the worst, and works harder because of this expectation

Front 24

Basking in reflected glory

Back 24

Increasing self-esteem by associating with others who are successful

Front 25

Downward social comparison

Back 25

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse off than we are on a trait or ability

Front 26

Classical Conditioning

Back 26

Pairing the attitude object with positive or negative experiences

Front 27

Operant Conditioning

Back 27

Reinforcement or punishment for expressing a given attitude

Front 28

Observational Learning

Back 28

Exposure to models

Front 29

Consistent with social comparison

Back 29

Knowing "we are right" by holding attitudes that are validated by others

Front 30

Ego-defensive function

Back 30

Protecting the self from unwelcome or upsetting information

Front 31

Impression management function

Back 31

Creating favorable impression by expressing the "right" attitudes

Front 32

Attitude

Back 32

Evaluation of an object along a positive-negative dimension

Front 33

Likert Scale

Back 33

Set of possible answers with anchors on each extreme

Front 34

Response Latency

Back 34

Time it takes subject to answer a question

Front 35

Implicit Attitude Measure

Back 35

Indirect measure of attitudes that does not involve a self-report

Front 36

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Back 36

Based on the idea that people experience dissonance, or discomfort, when attitudes are behavior are inconsistent

Front 37

Induce compliance

Back 37

People who are poorly compensated feel they must justify their behavior by changing their attitude to align with their behavior

Front 38

Effort Justification

Back 38

Exerting effort toward some goal and the goal turns to be disappointing. They justify their expenditure of energy by deciding the goal is truly worthwhile

Front 39

Self-Perception Theory

Back 39

Based on the premise that people change their behaviors because they observe and their circumstances in which it occurs and then they infer, just as an observer might, what their attitudes must be

Front 40

System Justification Theory

Back 40

People are motivated to justify the broader sociopolitical system of which they are a part. One way is through stereotypes that play up the advantages of belonging to relatively disadvantaged groups, such as the belief that the poor are happier than the rich

Front 41

Central Route Persuasion

Back 41

Attend carefully to the message and they consider relevant side information and underlying logic in detail

Front 42

Peripheral Route Persuasion

Back 42

Attend carefully to superficial components of the message

Front 43

Sleeper Effect

Back 43

Attitude change happens gradually and the message becomes dissociated from its source

Front 44

Identifiable Victim Effect

Back 44

Messages with an identifiable victim are more compelling than those without vivid imagery

Front 45

Metacognitions

Back 45

People's thoughts about their thinking, can play a powerful role in persuasion

Front 46

Self-Validation Hypothesis

Back 46

When people have greater thought confidence, they are more persuaded in the favorable or unfavorable direction of their thoughts

Front 47

Third-Person Effect

Back 47

Most people believe others are influenced by the media more than they are

Front 48

Thought Polarization

Back 48

Movement toward extreme views that can be hard to change

Front 49

Attitude Inoculation

Back 49

Exposing people to weak arguments against their position and allowing them to generate arguments against it (therefore encouraging resistance)

Front 50

Pluralistic Ignorance

Back 50

misjudging the attitudes others hold, believing erroneously that they are different from your own

Front 51

False Consensus Effect

Back 51

People tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of those of others