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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the name of Kurt Lewin's theory in Social Psychology?
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Field Theory
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What are the three conflict in Kurt Lewin's Field Theory?
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Approach-Approach
Avoidance-Avoidance Approach-Avoidance |
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Describe the Approach-Approach Conflict
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A person is between two equally attractive goal objects and at first is ambivalent. When he moves towards one object, the other becomes less attractive.
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Describe the Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
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When a person is caught between two negative objects. He may escape them both altogether or reach an equilibrium such as "not quit the job, but miss work as much as possible"
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Describe the Approach-Avoidance Conflict
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A person is caught between an approach response and a avoidance response (rat runs all the way to the food and then stops, to avoid a shock). Usually the avoidance response is stronger.
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What is the Zeigarnik effect?
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The tendency to remember unfinished projects better than finished ones.
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What what the effect noted in Schachter's Epinephrine Study?
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People not understanding their own emotional arousal look to others and adopt their behavior.
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What is Schachter's Two-Factor theory of emotion?
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To experience a specific emotion, a person must first experience physiological arousal and then must have a cognitive interpretation of that arousal.
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What is the Overjustification Hypothesis?
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Behaviors "overly rewarded" (intrinsically and extrinsically rewarded) lose the intrinsic reward and only engage in a behavior for an extrinsic reward.
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What is the Social Comparison Theory?
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When people are uncertain about their self-concept, they compare themselves to other similar people. However, for people with low self-esteem or those who feel threatened, they make a downward comparison of themselves to others who are inferior to them.
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What is Self-Verification Theory?
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People need and seek confirmation of their self-concept, regardless of whether it is positive or negative. AND, people prefer to be right rather than happy.
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What is the Fundamental Attribution Error?
(Opposite of Actor-Observer Effect) |
In observing one's behavior, people tend to overestimate personal characteristics and underestimate the situation.
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What is the Actor-Observer Effect?
(Opposite of Fundamental Attribution Error) |
The tendency for people to cite situational factors for their behavior.
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What is the Self-Serving Bias?
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The tendency to take credit for our successes and cite situational factors for our failures.
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Who was the theorist behind the Locus of Control Theory?
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Rotter
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Who was the theorist behind the Belief in a Just World Theory?
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Lerner
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Describe the Derald Sue theory of Loci of Control and Responsibility
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IC + IR: Success depends on one's own efforts and abilities.
IC + ER: Success depends on one's own efforts, but external barriers do exist. EC + IR: Belief that people have little control of their own fate, but deny external forces. EC + ER: Belief that people have little control over their lives and blame the system for it. |
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What is the False Consensus Bias?
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Tendency to overestimate the degree to which others conform to us in terms of opinions, attributes and behavior.
"Others will do as I do" |
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What are Central Traits and who is the theorist behind the theory?
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They are traits that one uses to make an assumption about several other traits. "Warm versus Cold person"
Asch is the theorist |
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What is the Primacy Effect?
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The tendency to give more weight to information heard first.
This is not a hard and fast rule and the tendency can be eliminated. |
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What is Trait Negativity Bias and give an example?
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The tendency to weight negative information more than positive.
Example: Negative political campaigns |
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What is the Confirmation Bias and what was the famous study to demonstrate this?
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The tendency to seek information that only confirms our beliefs.
The study was Rosenhan's "Pseudopatient Study" |
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Illusory Correlation refers to what?
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The tendency to believe two variables are related when actually they are not. (Politicians are bad) Comes from overlapping schematas.
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What is Base Rate Fallacy?
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The tendency for people to ignore probability data and rely on a person's characteristics to determine what they will do.
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What is the Gain-Loss effect in Attraction Theory?
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The strongest attraction results when we think a person's perception of us is initially negative and then turns positive.
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Social Exchange Theory states we are likely to leave relationships where we give more than we gain. When is this not true?
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In family relationships when expectations for compensation for our actions is less.
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According to Equity Theory, when do people tend to leave relationships?
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When they are perceived as unequal in regard to their reward/cost in comparison to the other's reward/cost.
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According to Self-Verification theory, people with negative self-view prefer others to confirm their negative views or tell them positive things?
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Confirm their negative views
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Are high self-monitors more likely to display a "public self" or change the situation to match their "private self"
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High self-monitors would strive to match the situation and display a public self.
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What is an example of the Barnum effect?
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Horoscopes. People tend to pay attention only to information that supports their beliefs.
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What is the autokinetic effect?
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People tend to conform to group norms but are less likely to do so when only one group member disagrees or when a person can express their opinion anonymously.
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What is Coercive Power?
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When a person has control over punishments.
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What is Legitimate Power?
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Target believes agent has legitimate authority.
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What is Informational Power?
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Agent has information that is needed by the target person.
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What are the 3 effects of Social Influence?
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Compliance: Only public change of attitude.
Identification: Change because person wants to be liked by another person. Only lasts as long as the attraction does. Internalization: A private change of belief occurs. |
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For a minority group to influence the majority, the minority must do what?
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Remain consistent and clear without being rigid or dogmatic.
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What usually leads to a true change in beliefs minority or majority persuasion?
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Minority since conforming to the majority is often done only to avoid punishment.
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Attitudes are only good predictors of behavior when:
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The person's belief is consistent with their belief about what others think they should do and, the person believes they have control over the situation.
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What is the "sleeper effect" in regard to communication?
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The influence of a highly versus a low credible communicator dissipates overt time as people remember the message, but not where it came from.
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Attitude change is most likely when the level of discrepancy between the positions of the recipient and communicator are mild, moderate or large?
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Moderate, but if a communicator has high credibility, a larger discrepancy is associated with the most attitude change.
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What factors increase the likelihood of someone acting in an aggressive manner?
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Deindividuation (can act anonymously)
Social Role beliefs Catharsis (any aggression increases future aggression) Retaliation coupled with provocation |
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What is Heterosexism?
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Denigration and stigmatization of forms of behavior that are nonheteorsexual.
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What does Sexual Prejudice refer to?
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Negative attitudes towards any sexual orientation, gay, bisexual or heterosexual. This term is more useful than the term "homophobia" which is exclusive to gays
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What is the percentage of people who support/oppose gay adoption? What about those against gay marriage?
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46% vs. 48%
51% in 2006 oppose |
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Mixing ethnicity of children in small groups and then having each group complete a section of a larger project for the whole group, has been called what?
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Jigsaw Method
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The Bystander Effect proposes what?
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People are less likely to intervene in an emergency if other people are around.
They do so because they fear social disapproval, feel intervention is unnecessary if others are not helping and they assume others will jump in first. |
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When is the Bystander Effect decreased?
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When the situation is not ambiguous.
When a sense of personal responsibility for the victim is felt. Someone else has already intervened. The emergency takes place in an uncrowded environment. |
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How does crowding effect performance on tasks?
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No effect on simple tasks, but decreases performance on complex tasks.
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What is the general effect of crowds on emotion and experience?
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It has a heightening effects so it makes good experiences better or bad experiences worse.
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