Social Psychology - Ch. 5 And 6

Front 1

The way in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world

Back 1

social cognition

Front 2

theories of social cognition which propose that people employ two broad cognitive strategies to understand and respond to social stimuli, one involving effortless thinking and the other involving effortful thinking

Back 2

dual-process models of social cognition

Front 3

deliberate judgements or decisions of which we are consciously aware

Back 3

explicit cognition

Front 4

judgments or decisions that are under the control of automatically activated evaluations occuring without our awareness.

Back 4

implicit cognition

Front 5

an approach to social cognition that conceives of people as being flexible social thinkers who choose among multiple cognitive strategies based on their current goals, motives, and needs.

Back 5

motivated-tactician model

Front 6

the attempt to prevent certain thoughts from entering consciousness

Back 6

thought suppression

Front 7

a mental grouping of objects, ideas, or events that share common properties

Back 7

category

Front 8

the process of forming categories of people based on their common attributes

Back 8

social categorization

Front 9

the most representative member of a category

Back 9

prototype

Front 10

an organized structure of knowledge about a stimulus that is built up from experience and that contains causal relations; it is a theory about how the social world operates.

Back 10

schema

Front 11

a schema that describes how a series of events is likely to occur ina well-known situation, and which is used as a guide for behavior and problem solving

Back 11

script

Front 12

the process by which recent exposure to certain stimuli or events increases the accessibility or certain memories, categories, or schemas

Back 12

priming

Front 13

time-saving mental shortcuts that reduce complex judgments to simple rules of thumb

Back 13

heuristics

Front 14

the tendency to judge the category membership of things based on how closely they match the "typical" or "average" member of that category

Back 14

representativeness heuristic

Front 15

the tendency to judge the frequency or probability of an event in terms of how easy it is to think of examples of that event

Back 15

availability heuristic

Front 16

a tendency to be biased toward the stating value or anchor in making quantitative jegments

Back 16

anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Front 17

the tendency, once an event has occurred, to overestimate our ability to have foreseen the outcome

Back 17

hindsight bias

Front 18

the tendency to evaluate events by imagining alternative versions or outcomes to what actually happened

Back 18

counterfactual thinking

Front 19

the tendency to underestimate how common one's own desirable traits and abilities are in the general population

Back 19

false uniqueness effect

Front 20

the tendency to seek information that supports our beliefs while ignoring disconfirming information

Back 20

confirmation bias

Front 21

the process by which someone's expectations about a person or group leads to the fulfillment of those expectations

Back 21

self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 22

a belief system in which the world is percieved to be a fair and equitable place, with people getting what they deserve

Back 22

just-world belief

Front 23

the passive resignation produced by repeated exposure to negative events that re perceived to be unavoidable

Back 23

learned helplessness

Front 24

an extimate of the probability that something is true

Back 24

belief

Front 25

a positive or negative evaluation of an object

Back 25

attitude

Front 26

an attitude that is activated automatically from memory, often without the person's awareness that she or he possesses it

Back 26

implicit attitude

Front 27

a conciously held attitude

Back 27

explicit attitude

Front 28

the simultaneous possession of contradictory implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object

Back 28

dual attitudes

Front 29

enduring beliefs about important life goals that transcend specific situations

Back 29

values

Front 30

the tendency to develop more positive feelings toward objects and individuals the more we are exposed to them

Back 30

mere exposure effect

Front 31

learning through association, when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally produces an emotional response

Back 31

classical conditioning

Front 32

classical conditioning that occurs int he absence of sonscious awareness of the stimuli involved

Back 32

subliminal conditioning

Front 33

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reingorcement and weakened if followed by punishment

Back 33

operant conditioning

Front 34

the theory that we often infer our internal states, such as our attitudes, by observing our behavior

Back 34

self-perception theory

Front 35

attitude theories that emphasize that people develop and change their attitudes based on the degree to which they sarisfy different psychological needs. to change an attitude, one must understand the underlying function that the attitude serves

Back 35

functional approach

Front 36

the theory that people's conscious decisions to engage in specific actions are determined by their attitudes toward the behavior in question, the relevant subjective norms, and their perceived behavioral control

Back 36

theory of planned behavior

Front 37

the tendency to seek soncistency in one's conitions

Back 37

cognitive consistency

Front 38

a feeling of discomfort caused by performing an action that is inconsistent with one's attitudes

Back 38

cognitive dissonance

Front 39

a theory predicting that people will often cope with specific threats to the integrity of their self-concept by reminding themselves of other unrelated by cherished aspects of their self-concept

Back 39

self-affirmation theory