Social Psychology Baron, Byrne Ch 10,11,12

Front 1

A helpful action that benefits other people without necessarily providing any direct benefits to the person performing the act, and may even involve a risk for the person who helps

Back 1

prosocial behavior

Front 2

Behavior that is motivated by an unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Back 2

altruism

Front 3

Actions that involve courageous risk taking to obtain a socially valued goal.

Back 3

heroism

Front 4

The idea that the amount of responsibility assumed by bystanders to an emergency is shared among them

Back 4

diffusion of responsibility

Front 5

The fact that the likelihood of a prosocial response to an emergency is affected by the number of bystanders who are present

Back 5

bystander effect

Front 6

The decrease in helping behavior brought about by simply thinking about being in a group

Back 6

implicit bystander effect

Front 7

What are the five steps to prosocial behavior?

Back 7

1. Attending to situation, 2. Interpreting situation, 3. Assuming responsibility, 4. Assessing ability to take action, 5. Deciding whether to act.

Front 8

The automatic tendency to imitate those with whom we interact.

Back 8

mimicry

Front 9

A characteristic behavioral tendency that is based on genetics, learning experiences, or both

Back 9

personality disposition

Front 10

A complex affective and cognitive response to another person's emotional distress.

Back 10

empathy

Front 11

What are the 3 situational features that influence altruism?

Back 11

The presence of others, environmental conditions, and time pressures

Front 12

What are the 3 different types of perspective taking of empathy?

Back 12

Imagine how the other person feels, imagine how you would feel, and identify with fictional characters.

Front 13

A combination of dispositional variables associated with prosocial behavior.

Back 13

altruistic behavior

Front 14

What are the 5 components of altruistic behavior?

Back 14

empathy, belief in a just world, acceptance of social responsibility, having an internal locus of control, and not being egocentric.

Front 15

An adult's concern for and commitment to the well-being of future generations

Back 15

generativity

Front 16

The motivation to engage in whatever behavior provides the greatest satisfaction for one self.

Back 16

self-interest

Front 17

An exclusive concern with one's own personal needs and welfare rather than with the needs of others.

Back 17

egoism

Front 18

The motivation to be moral and actually to engage in moral behavior

Back 18

moral integrity

Front 19

The motivation to appear moral while doing one's best to avoid the costs involved in actually being moral.

Back 19

moral hypocrisy

Front 20

The proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated solely by the desire to help someone in need and by the fact that it feels good to help.

Back 20

empathy-altruism hypothesis

Front 21

When a large group of individuals is in need, and only one individual is helped

Back 21

selective altruism

Front 22

The proposal that prosocial behavior is motivated by the bystander's desire to reduce his or her own uncomfortable negative emotions

Back 22

negative-state relief model

Front 23

The proposal that proscial behavior is motivated by the positive emotion a helper anticipates experiencing as the result of having a beneficial impact on the life of someone in need

Back 23

empathic joy hypothesis

Front 24

The proposal that behavior is driven by genetic attributes that evolved because they enhanced the probability of transmitting one's genes to subsequent generations

Back 24

genetic determinism model

Front 25

The concept that natrual selection not only applies to individuals, but also involves behaviors that benefit other individuals with whom we share genes

Back 25

inclusive fitness or kin selection

Front 26

The cooperative behavior among unrelated individuals that benefits both individuals, because when individual A helps individual B, B is motivated to reciprocate at some point by helping A.

Back 26

reciprocal altruism

Front 27

What are the three theoretical perspectives on helping?

Back 27

Evolutionary, Sociocultural & Learning perspectives

Front 28

Behavior directed toward the goal of harming another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment

Back 28

aggression

Front 29

Theories suggesting that aggression stems from external conditions that arouse the motive to harm or injure others

Back 29

drive theories (of aggression)

Front 30

The suggestion that frustration is a very powerful determinant of aggression.

Back 30

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Front 31

A modern theory of aggression suggesting that aggression is triggered by a wide range of input variables that influence arousal, affective stages, and cognitions.

Back 31

general aggression model

Front 32

Actions by others that tend to trigger aggression in the recipient, often because these actions are perceived as stemming from malicious intent

Back 32

provocation

Front 33

A theory suggesting that arousal produced in one situation can persist and intensify emotional reactions occurring in later situations

Back 33

excitation transfer theory

Front 34

Depictions of violent actions in the mass media

Back 34

media violence

Front 35

Cultures in which there are strong norms indicating aggression is an appropriate response to insults to one's honor

Back 35

cultures of honor

Front 36

A pattern consisting primarily of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility

Back 36

type A behavior pattern

Front 37

A pattern consisting of the absence of high levels of competitiveness, time urgency, and hostility

Back 37

Type B behavior pattern

Front 38

Aggression in which the prime objective is inflicting some kind of harm on the victim

Back 38

hostile aggression

Front 39

Aggression in which the primary goal is not harm to the victim but attainment of some other goal.

Back 39

Instrumental aggression

Front 40

The tendency to perceive hostile intentions or motives in others' actions when these actions are ambiguous

Back 40

hostile attributional bias

Front 41

A pattern of behavior in which one individual is chosen as the target of repeated aggression by one or more others

Back 41

bullying

Front 42

Any form of behavior through which individuals seek to harm others in their workplace

Back 42

workplace aggression

Front 43

Behavior in which supervisors direct frequent hostile verbal and nonverbal behavior toward their subordinates

Back 43

abusive supervision

Front 44

Procedures in which adversive consequences are delivered to individuals

Back 44

punishment

Front 45

The view that providing angry persons with an opportunity to express their aggressive impulses in relatively safe ways will reduce their tendencies to engage in more harmful forms of aggression

Back 45

catharsis hypothesis

Front 46

Aggression against someone other than the source of strong provocation. It occurs because the persons who perform it are unwilling or unable to aggress against the initial source or provocation

Back 46

displaced aggression.

Front 47

Giving up the desire to punish those who have hurt us, and seeking instead to act in kind, helpful ways toward them.

Back 47

forgiveness

Front 48

A collection of persons who are perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree

Back 48

group

Front 49

The extent to which a group is perceived as being a coherent entity

Back 49

entiativity

Front 50

The set of behaviors that individuals occupying specific positions within a group are expected to perform

Back 50

roles

Front 51

An individual's position or rank in a group

Back 51

status

Front 52

Rules within a group indicating how its members should (or should not) behave

Back 52

norms

Front 53

All forces (factors) that cause group members to remain in the group

Back 53

cohesiveness

Front 54

Effects upon performance resulting from the presence of others

Back 54

social facilitation

Front 55

A theory suggesting that the mere presence of others is arousing and increases the tendency to perform dominant responses

Back 55

drive theory of social facilitation

Front 56

Concern over being evaluated by others.

Back 56

evaluation apprehension

Front 57

A theory suggesting that social facilitation stems from the conflict produced when individuals attempt, simultaneously, to pay attention to other persons and to the task being performed

Back 57

distraction-conflict theory

Front 58

Reductions in motivation and effort when individuals work collectively in a group, compared with when they work individually or as independent coactors.

Back 58

social loafing

Front 59

A psychological state characterized by reduced self-awareness and reduced social-identity, brought on by external conditions, such as being an anonymous member of a large crowd

Back 59

deindividuation

Front 60

Behavior in which groups work together to attain shared goals

Back 60

cooperation

Front 61

A process in which individuals or groups perceive that others have taken or will soon take actions incompatible with their own interests.

Back 61

conflict

Front 62

Situations in which each person can increase his or her individual gains by acting in one way; but if all persons do the same thing, the outcomes experienced by all are reduced

Back 62

social dilemmas

Front 63

A basic rule of social life, suggesting that individuals should treat others as these persons have treated them

Back 63

reciprocity

Front 64

A theory suggesting that by sharing resources such as food, organisms increase their chances of survival, and thus the likelihood that they will pass their genes on to the next generation

Back 64

reciprocal altruism

Front 65

A process in which opposing sides exchange offers, counteroffers, and concessions, either directly or through representatives.

Back 65

bargaining (negotiations)

Front 66

Goals that both sides of a conflict seek and that tie their interests together rather than drive them apart

Back 66

superordinate goals

Front 67

Refers to individuals; judgments about whether they are receiving a fair share of available rewards --a share proportionate to their contributions to the group or any social relationship

Back 67

distributive justice (fairness)

Front 68

Judgments concerning the fairness of the procedures used to distribute available rewards among group members

Back 68

procedural justice

Front 69

Refers to the extent to which persons who distribute rewards explain or justify their decisions and show considerateness and courtesy to those who receive the rewards

Back 69

transactional (interpersonal) justice

Front 70

Processes involved in combing and integrating available information in order to choose one out of several possible courses of action

Back 70

decision making

Front 71

Rules relating the initial distribution of member views to final group decision

Back 71

social decision schemes

Front 72

The tendency of the members of highly cohesive groups to assume that their decisions can't be wrong,that all members must support the groups' decisions strongly, and that information contrary to these decisions should be ignored.

Back 72

groupthink

Front 73

A technique for improving the quality of group decisions in which one group member assigned the task of disagreeing with and criticizing whatever plan or decision is under consideration

Back 73

devil's advocate technique

Front 74

The tendency of group members to shift toward more extreme positions than those they initially held as a result of group discussion

Back 74

group polarization

Front 75

A technique for improving the quality of group decisions in which one or more group members actively disagree with the group's initial preference without being assigned this role

Back 75

authentic dissent

Front 76

What are the four basic aspects of groups?

Back 76

roles, status, norms, and cohesiveness