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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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At what age does self-recognition develop? |
At aprrox age 2. Example- Red dot test |
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Child’s self-concept is _______?
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Concrete (clear cut, easily observable characteristics like age, sex, neighbourhood, hobbies)
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What does the analogy, Self = both “the book” & “the reader” mean?
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-A book, full of fascinating content collected over time
-The reader of that book, who at any moment can access a specific chapter or add a new one |
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What is self-knowledge?
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-cognitive organisation of knowledge about self/selves
-the most studied & content-heavy area |
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What was William James' historical concept of self? |
He distinguished between self as an object of perception and self as a stream of consciousness.
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Describe Willam James'- The “known”, the “me”
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Our thoughts & beliefs about ourselves
What we now call self-concept, which is the content of the self, our knowledge about who we are “the book” |
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Describe William James' -The “knower”, the “I”
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The active processor of information
What we now call self-awareness, which is the act of thinking about ourselves “the reader” |
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Explain Sigmund Freud's historical conception of self, The Psychodynamic Perspective. |
He believed in a tripartite structure of personality:
- ID: primitive, instinctive component - SUPEREGO: moral component - EGO :rational, decision-making component |
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Explain George Mead's historical concept of self, Symbolic Interactionism. |
The “looking glass” self
Human interaction is symbolic Words and non-verbals are rich with meaning Human interaction gives a sense of self Seeing the self as others do |
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Explain Erik Eriksons's historical concept of self, Psychosocial Stages of Development.
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The fifth stage is identity vs. identity diffusion and this occurs around late teens. If this is not achieved it can result in confusion, restlessness, aimlessness which leads to difficulty with relationship fidelity
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What are Schemas? |
Cognitive structures that represent knowledge about a certain concept or thing, including its attributes & the relations among those attributes. The self can be thought of as a schema.
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What is Self-Discrepancy Theory (Higgins, 1987)? |
This theory states that we have three types of self-schema:
‘Actual’ self: How we think we currently are ‘Ought’ self: How we think we should be ‘Ideal’ self: How we would like to be |
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What would a failure to resolve self-discrepancies result in?
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Failure to resolve discrepancies between the actual and ideal self would result in dejection related emotions (sadness)
Failure to resolve discrepancies between the actual and ought self would result in agitation related emotions (anxiety) |
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How do we know ourselves through Introspection and Self-Reflection? |
We learn about our self through self-focus, self-talk, and “reflexive thinking” but we are not very good at it and don’t often engage in it. Sometimes feel arousal & look for a cause – not always accurate, ie. an adrenaline rush from high risk activity may be attributed as attraction
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How do we know ourselves through Self Disclosure? |
The (usually intentional) revealing of personal details that may otherwise be kept hidden from others, often involves processes of self-discovery
Predictors of self-disclosure - person factors: gender, competence, self-esteem, extraversion -situation factors: trust, how many others, self-disclosure by the other, topic “safety” |
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What are the rewards and dangers of Self Disclosure? |
Rewards- gains in self-knowledge, relational depth, copingability, & communication efficacy
Dangers- social rejection & reputational damage |
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How do we know ourselves through Feedback From Others? |
-We learn from our self by observing and reflecting upon otherpeople’s reactions to our behaviour, appearance, etc.
-The “looking glass self” |
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How do we know ourselves through Social Comparison? |
-We compare ourselves relative to others in order to establish the socially correct way of behaving
-Comparisons tend to be with people similar to ourselves and may be upward or downward |
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How do we know ourselves through Inferences From Our Own Behaviour? |
-Gain knowledge of ourselves by inferring our attitudes/feelingsabout something from our behaviour – i.e. self-attributions
-Occurs when attitudes/feelings are uncertain or ambiguous or behaviour cannot be attributed to an obvious external factor -Assume we freely chose the behaviour because we enjoy it |
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What is the over justification effect? |
The tendency for people to view theirbehaviour as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, makingthem underestimate the extent to which it can be caused byintrinsic reasons
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What is intrinsic motivation? |
The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards/pressure
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What is extrinsic motivation? |
The desire to engage in an activity because of external reasons, not because we enjoy it or find it interesting
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In accordance with the over-justification effect, if someone is induced to perform a task by either enormous rewards or heavy penalties…
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-task performance is attributed externally rather than to self
-extrinsic motivation to perform the task increases & intrinsic motivation to perform the task decreases |
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How do we know ourselves through Self-Categorization Theory?
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-We categorise ourselves as group members & internalise theattributes of our group(s)
-We seek to find ways in which our group is “positively distinctive”(because that makes us so too!) -Thus, downward and upward comparisons also happen in groups |
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What makes up the Johari window? |
The open self (known to self, known to others)- Info about you that both you and others know. The blind self (unknown to self, known to others)- Info about you that you don't know but others do. The hidden self (known to self, unknown by others)- Info about you that you know but others don't The unknown self (known by no-one)- Info no-one knows |
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Carver & Scheier (1981) and many others distinguished between ________?
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Private self:
-how you see yourself -private thoughts, feelings, & attitudes -unconscious thoughts, feelings, & attitudes Public self: -how (you think) others see you -how you (think you) come across to others -public reputation |
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Brewer & Gardner (1996) distinguished 3 types of self
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-Individual self: defined by personal traits that differentiate self from others
-Relational self:defined by dyadic relationships• -Collective self: defined by group or category membership |
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Tajfel & Turner (1979) argued for two broad classes of identity:
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Personal identity:
-sense of self derived from unique traits & close personalrelationships -relate to others as individuals Social identity: -sense of self derived from group memberships -relate to others as members of groups |
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What are person-based social identities? |
One of Brewers (2001) four types of social identity. It reflects the extent to which group membership is represented as integral part ofan individual’s self-concept (group properties internalised)
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What are relational social identities? |
One of Brewers (2001) four types of social identity. It reflects interpersonal relationships within larger group context
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What are group based social identities? |
One of Brewers (2001) four types of social identity. It reflects extent to which individual perceives self as an integral part of largergroup
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What are collective identities? |
One of Brewers (2001) four types of social identity. It reflects an active process of achieving collective efforts as a group,rather than just “grouping” collectively
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What is self assessment? |
It is one of three classes of motive influence self-construction & self-knowledge. It reflects on peripheral traits. It is the desire to have true, accurate, & valid information about self
-broad, open-minded curiosity -preference for information that is important & reliable |
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What is self verification? |
It is one of three classes of motive influence self-construction & self-knowledge. It reflects on central traits.
-desire for feedback confirming existing beliefs about self -accept consistent information, dismiss disconfirming evidence |
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What is self enhancement? |
It is one of three classes of motive influence self-construction & self-knowledge. It reflects on positive traits. It is the desire to learn, develop, promote favourable things about self
-can exert considerable bias -dismiss/ignore criticism, exaggerate/inflate good qualities |
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Which self motive is strongest? |
Self-enhancement > self-verification > self-assessment
The desire to think well of ourselves reigns supreme |
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What is the self enhancing triad? (Taylor & Brown, 1988)
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-Above-average Effect► consider ourselves better than average compared to others
-Illusions of Control► overestimate control we have over outcomes & contingencies -Unrealistic Optimism► believe life will hold a greater number of positive experiences and fewer negative experiences compared to others |
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What does high self esteem mean for feelings about and evaluations of the self? |
-hold favourable views about the self
-consider self competent, likeable, attractive, morally good -focus on self-enhancement |
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What does low self esteem mean for feelings about and evaluations of the self? |
-absence of strong favourable views about the self
-don’t want to fail but are less confident they can achieve -conflicted/less certain/less stable ideas about self -focus on self-protection – avoid failure, embarrassment & rejection, rather than take chances or pursue opportunities that might lead to success |
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What does Comparison mean in social identity theory? |
-The esteem with which the group is held (e.g. power, status,prestige, regard) governs the esteem with which we holdourselves
-Motivation to maintain & achieve a positive & distinct socialidentity (i.e. positive distinctiveness) |
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What is impression management? |
The use of strategies to monitor & control one’s behaviour so as tobe viewed by others in a positive light
► strategic self-presentation: goal to influence others & gain rewards ► expressive self-presentation: goal to present ourselves in a manner that is consistent with our self-image |
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What is strategic self presentation? |
People shape behaviour to project the impression we feel the audienceor situation demands
-self-promotion -ingratiation: get others to like you -intimidation -exemplification: get others to regard you as morally respectable -supplication: get others to take pity on you |
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What is self monitoring? |
Extent to which people engage in impression managementstrategies
- Correlates; high self-monitors tend to be:► accurate judges of other people’s emotional states► perceived by others as friendly & likeable► good at remembering information about others► not shy in social situations, more likely to initiate conversation |
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What are differences of self related to gender? |
WOMEN
-Have more relationalinterdependence -Focus on close relationships(e.g. how they feel about theirspouse or child) MEN -Have more collectiveinterdependence -Focus on memberships inlarger groups (e.g. sports clubmembership) |
