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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many people took part in Milgram's original study? How were they measured? |
40 male ppt. Shock generator: 15 volts-450 volts |
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What were the findings of Milgram's study? |
All ppt. reached at least 300 volts. 65% reached 450 volts 35% stopped before 450 volts |
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What was some cross-cultural evidence for Milgram's study? |
MANTELL (male pop. of Germany) 85% MIRANDA et al. (students in Spain) over 90% |
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What is the AGENTIC shift? |
Shift from being Autonomous (being responsible for your own actions) to being AGENTIC (merely carrying out instructions of someone else). Usually person of authority + obedience is often rewarded. |
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Was Milgram's study a relic of it's time? |
Burger, 2007 recreated. 18 Men, 65% were obedient. 22 women, 73% obedient. |
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Ecological validity a drawback of findings? |
Hoffling- Nurses were asked to administer potentially lethal injections to patients. 21/22 did. |
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Basic methodology of Stanford Prison exp? |
15$ a day for 2 weeks. 24 selected college students (initial group of 75) and 18 used in study 9 guard. 9 prisoner. |
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What were some of the themes that arose over the 6 day period? |
Enforcement of Authority, Degradation, Time, Anonymity |
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What are some of the criticisms of the experiment? |
-demand characteristic (guards told what Zimbardo wanted) -field exp=validity? -Selection bias, non-representative -Zimbardo partaking in study -Unethical -Confirmation bias |
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What are some recent replications? |
REICHER & GASLAM, 2006 Ethics in place. Results differed. Prisoners, solidarity, guards, uncomfortable with power. |
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Comparisons between Zimbardo's study and Abu Ghraib Prison, 2003? |
Deindividualization Anonymity Deferred responsibility/group mentality Boredom (night time occurrences) |
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What is group polarisation? |
Moscovici & Zavalloni Group discussion amplifies original opinions, especially majority opinions All views not equal influence Riskier decisions made |
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What was found from Asch's experiment on conformity? |
Conformity occurred 75%- at least once Factors that influenced conformity: ppt. made to feel insecure, 3+ group members, all people agree, admiration of group |
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Why do people conform? |
Normative influence- to fit in (compliance) Informational influence- believe group is better informed (internalisation) |
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What is Janis' groupthink? |
Members of a group strive for unanimity as opposed to fully assessing decision making process and outcomes. Lead to faulty decisions. |
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What are causes of groupthink? |
Doesn't always occur, but increased chance if: Cohesion (similar background) Isolation/insulation Leadership Decisional stress |
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What are symptoms of groupthink? |
illusions of invulnerability self censorship mind-guards apparent unanimity |
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Evaluation studies of groupthink: |
Leana- found higher self-censorship in non-cohesive groups Leadership style affective Moorhead- time had impact, should be added to model |
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Examples of NVC? |
facial expression gaze and pupil dilation gestures, body movements and posture touch/bodily contact proximity clothing smell non-linguistic aspects of speech |
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Patterson's three factors that make up NVC: |
1. Determinants (bio, cultue, gender) 2. Social environment 3. Cognitive-affective mediators (expectancies, goals) |
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What are Hall's views on proxemics? |
Personal space + territory. Distance between two people is usually correlated with type of relationship. Intimate distance, personal distance, social distance and public distance. |
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Studies showing power of haptic communication: |
Crusco & Wetzel- tips larger if waitress touches hand Harlow- baby monkeys reared with wire feeding device cloaked in soft cloth were less emotionally stable than monkeys reared normally. |
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Importance of facial expression? |
Humans make and recognise 250,000 expressions Facial expressions 2 groups: + & - EKMAN- happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, disgust universal emotions |
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Culture and NVC: |
-Proxemics- different for different cultures (cool+decisive, Germany. accommodating and non confrontational, China. warm and impulsive, Italy) -Nonverbal signs, gestures, signals -Touch, girl-boy touching Muslim cultures, patting head Asian disrespectful. -Eye contact |
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Study on culture and NVC: |
Matsumoto- US + Japanese at recognising 6 emotions. US better at anger, disgust, fear and sadness No difference for happiness and surprise Masuda- Japanese look more at context than US when decoding emotions |
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Study by ten Brinke & Porter on detecting deception: |
78 videos (35 deceptive) of televised pleas for return of relative. deceptive expressed disgust over sadness, fewer words, less confident language, blinked more, lower face happiness/upper face surprise. micro-expressions and gaze duration not able to distinguish |
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What did Vrij find? |
67% accuracy truth detection 44% accuracy lie detection |
