Social Psychology

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Self Concept

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-total view of self based on attributes
-made up of self-schemas

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self schema

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beliefs about oneself that guide processing of self-relevant information....
outgoing, intelligent, physically attractive

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possible selves

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-images of what we dream or dread becoming in the future
-motivates us to achieve certain goals
-devastating when we fall short of our possible selves

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where do we get info about our self concept?

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-Social roles
-social identities
-social comparisons
-successes and failures
-how other people judge us
-culture

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how do we know who we are?

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self knowledge through looking inward at one's own thoughts and feelings through deep thought and meditation

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affective forecasting

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predicting how we will feel about something or someone in the future

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self perception theory

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when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain insight by observing their own behavior

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facial feedback hypothesis

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changes in facial expression can lead to changes in the subjective experience of emotions.

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intrinsic motivation

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driven to do something b/c of our internal interest and enjoyment of it.
-more central to self-concept
-no external reward needed to maintain motivation

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extrinsic motivation

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driven to do something b/c of a justification for doing it, getting paid to work
-motivation hard to maintain if external reward goes away

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overjustification effect

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expecting an external reward for a task you already enjoy, decreases your intrinsic motivation for the task

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Mark Lepper

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study of play motivations in children
-condition 1:allowed to play with markers (intrinsic)
-condition 2:unexpectedly rewarded for playing with markers
-condition3:expected reward (extrinsic)

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social comparison theory

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Fessinger; when uncertain about our abilities or opinions, we evaluate ourselves through comparisons w/similiar others

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self-esteem

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-positive and negative self-evaluation
-global self esteem
-state self esteem

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Heatherton state self esteem scale

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-performance subscale
-social subscale
-appearance subscale

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self discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1989)

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-self esteem is defined by the match vs mismatch between how we see ourselves
-self esteem and well-being can be predicted by the discrepancy
-actual self-->self concept
-ought self, ideal self-->self guides
-when actual self falls short of self guides->low self esteem,negative affect, depression

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What factors does self esteem depend on?

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-amount of discrepancy
-importance of the discrepancy to the self
-focus on discrepancies (self awarweness)

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private self-consciousness

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tendency to introspect about inner thoughts and feelings
-sensitive to feelings
-motivated to meet their own standards

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public self consciousness

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-tendency to focus on outer public image
-sensitive to how viewed by others
-motivated to meet standards set by others

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how does the average person cope with his or her faults, and uncertain future?

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-self-serving cognitions
-self-handicapping
-comparisons to others
-downward social comparison

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self-serving cognitions

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people tend to take credit for successes and distance themselves from failure

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self-handicapping

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-make excuses to protect self from seeing failure as due to lack of ability
-behaviors designed to sabotage ones won performance in order to provide a subsequent excuse for failure
-procrastination

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downward social comparison

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-when self esteem is at stake, tend to make comparisons with others who are worse off
-if experienceing a tragic life event, tend to affiliate w/others who are worse off

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are positive illusions adaptive?

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we protect ourselves by biasing our perceptions of self
-realistiv views of self:lower self esteem, higher depression
-positive illusions are health protective resources to cope
-positive illusions->chronic patterns of self-defeating behaviors

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person perception

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process by which people come to understand one another
-we judge others based on both superficials and meaningful informational cues
-cues may be misleading

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4 channels/modes of communication provide relevant info about deception

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-words:highly controllable and worst cue of deception
-fade:controllable
-body:somehwat revealiong
-voice:most revealing cue

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attribution

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explanations for behavior

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attribution theory

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process by which we make inferences about others

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kelley's covariation theory

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observe how someone's behavior changes in diff situations

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availability heuristic

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tendency to estimate likelihood that an event will occur by how easily other instances of similiar events come to mind

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false consensus

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tendency for people to overestimate the extent to which others share their opininos, attributes, and behaviors

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false uniqueness

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when we do something positive, we underestimate how common the beavior is

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fundamental attribution error

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-social psych:social situation is powerful
-general:individual is powerful in determing behavior

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Gilbert and malones 2 step model of attribution

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-observe behavior and make quick personal attribution
-we adjust and correct initial attribution to account for situatiiinoal forces

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actor-observer effect

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make personal attributions to explain behavior of others
-we tend to make situational attributions to explain our own behavior

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stereotype

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beliefs that associate a whole group of people w/certation traits

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prejudice

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negative feelings about others b/c of their connection to a social group

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discrimination

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negative behaviors directed against persons b/c of their membership in a particular group

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categorization

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natural and necessary process to organize and understand info by linking similiar things together

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social categorization

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classification of people into groups on the basis of common attributes

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ingroup vs outgroup

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ingroup:feel sense of membership, belonging, and identity
-outgroup:don't feel sense of belongigng etc