Social Psychology

Front 1

Social cognition

Back 1

what is the influence of human interactions on behavior

Front 2

Causal attributions

Back 2

what makes you act that way
what makes someone else act that way

Front 3

Situational attributions

Back 3

ex) it was so hot outside that he lost his temper

Front 4

Dispositional attributions

Back 4

ex) he is a naturally irate person

Front 5

Individualistic

Back 5

ex) North America
:people more likely to use dispositional attributions

Front 6

Collectivistic

Back 6

ex) Japan
:people more likely to use situational attributions

Front 7

Fundamental attribution error

Back 7

the difference between how we look our own behavior vs. others' behaviors

Front 8

Cognitive schemas

Back 8

shortcuts, usage to explain behavior

Front 9

Stereotypes

Back 9

one type of schematic thinking

Front 10

Out-group homogeneity effect

Back 10

ex) all artists are alike, but we scientists are SUCH a diverse group

Front 11

Confirmation biases

Back 11

ex) see, all those artists dress weirdly

Front 12

Self-fulfilling prophecies

Back 12

you are what you believe
you act in accordance with the belief of others
:a phenomenon whereby observers bring about what they expect to percceive

Front 13

Stereotype threat

Back 13

you act in accordance with beliefs about group

Front 14

Prejudice

Back 14

to use stereotypes when we judge

Front 15

"Robbers cave" experiment

Back 15

devided 12 years-old boys into 2 groupes and treats differently
=competition increases prejudice
=cooperation decreases prejudice

Front 16

Attitude

Back 16

belief, feeling, predisposition to act in a certain way

Front 17

Central route to persuasion

Back 17

we attend to the message, the message-bearer, and make decision accordingly

Front 18

Peripheral route to persuation

Back 18

context in which information is given is capable of determining our attitude

Front 19

Cognitive dissonance

Back 19

we try to justify our own behavior - if we cannot, we experience it between beliefs and actions

Front 20

Self-perception theory

Back 20

the idea of how we think about ourselves and how we change ourselves

Front 21

Milgram's experiments

Back 21

series of experiments which test obedience run that have influenced decades of thought and follow-up studies
:devide people into two groups (teacher and students) and teachers give shock if students cannot answer

Front 22

Norm of reciprocity

Back 22

we feel compelled to comply when someone has helped us in the past

Front 23

door in the face

Back 23

large, unfulfilled request followed by smaller request

Front 24

"that's-not-all" technique

Back 24

initially unreasonable amount seems better when something added in
ex) tv shopping

Front 25

Social loafing

Back 25

ex) people work less hard in groups
:the tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone

Front 26

Deindividuation

Back 26

others' presence make our behavior less responsible
:disinhibited, cruel, vicious
:a phenomenon that occurs when immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values

Front 27

The Stanford prison study

Back 27

random assigment of "prisoner" and "guard"
="guard" became sadistic
="prisoner" began to experience full psychological breakdowns

Front 28

The Bystander Effect

Back 28

our understanding of the situation influences our decisions on acting or not acting

Front 29

Pluralistic ignorance

Back 29

if others are not doing anything, probably nothing needs to be done

Front 30

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 30

if there are more people, people feel less responsible
:the tendency for individuals to feel less diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

Front 31

Proximity

Back 31

people like that which is familiar, and it increases familiarity

Front 32

Similarity

Back 32

something they put value such as race, ethnic origin, social/educational backgroung, income, religion strongly affect choice in marital partner

Front 33

Intimacy
Passion
Commitmen

Back 33

the three features of love

Front 34

Romantic love

Back 34

a "wildly emotional state" tender and sexual feelings, elation and pain, anxiety and relief, altruism and jealousy...

Front 35

Companionate love

Back 35

"gender state of affairs" after romantic love:
result in dislike/indifference

Front 36

Aggression

Back 36

behavior whose purpose is to harm another

Front 37

Frustration-aggression principle

Back 37

a principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted

Front 38

Cooperation

Back 38

behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit

Front 39

Altruism

Back 39

behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself

Front 40

Kin selection

Back 40

the process by wihich evolution selects for genes that cause indiviuduals to provide benefits to their relatives

Front 41

Reciprocal altruism

Back 41

behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

Front 42

Bystander intervention

Back 42

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Front 43

Group polarization

Back 43

the tendency for a group's initial learning to get stronger over time
:集団の中で意見交換をすると極端になる

Front 44

Mere exposure effect

Back 44

the tendency for liking to increase with the frequency of exposure

Front 45

Social exhange

Back 45

the hypothesis that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favorable ratio of costs to benefits

Front 46

Comparison level

Back 46

the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

Front 47

Equity

Back 47

a state of affairs in which the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

Front 48

Social influence

Back 48

the control of one person's behavior by another

Front 49

Observational learning

Back 49

learning that occurs when one person observes another person being reqarded or punished

Front 50

Norm

Back 50

a customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture
:規範

Front 51

Normative influence

Back 51

a phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the later provides information about what is appropriate

Front 52

Conformity

Back 52

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it

Front 53

Informational influence

Back 53

a phenomenon whereby a person's behavior is influences by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true

Front 54

Persuasion

Back 54

a phenomenon that occurs when a person's attitudes or beliefs are influenced by a communication from another person

Front 55

Systematic persuasion

Back 55

a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason

Front 56

Heuristic persuasion

Back 56

a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion

Front 57

Perceptual confirmation

Back 57

a phenomenon that occurs when observers perceive what they expect to perceive

Front 58

Attirbution

Back 58

an inference about the cause of a person's behavior

Front 59

Correspondene bias

Back 59

the tendency to make adispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation

Front 60

Actor-observer effect

Back 60

the tendency to make situational attributaions for our own behavios while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others