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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the benefits and drawbacks of Self Report measures?
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They are common, easy to use, generally well standardised. But they are not very accurate and responses are susceptible framing effects, and social desireability.
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What is internal validity and what are its biggest threats?
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Internal validity refers to the extent that our manipulation of the independent variable is causing the change in the dependent variable, or the extent that we are measuring what we think we are measuring. Its biggest threats include; Artifacts or Extraneous Variables, Confounding Variables, Demand characteristics, Experminenter bias.
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How do people gain a concept of self through introspection?
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Through attempting to observe ones own thoughts and feelings. However research shows that on average people only spend 8% of their week doing this. Also people tend to make false rationalisations and are generally innacurate in the interpretation of their own affect and cognition. This results in the phenomena of affective forecasting and the tendencey to underestimate others coping abilities.
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How do people gain a concept of self through perception of their own behaviour?
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When internal cues are difficult to interpret, external cues are absent, or when affect is neutral people turn to their behaviour. Cues from facial expressions (facial feedback hypothesis) give us clues as to how we should be feeling. This results in the phenomena known as the overjustification effect.
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How does descriptive research differ from correlational?
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Descriptive research seeks to observe naturally occuring trends and tendencies. Correlational research investigates the types of relationships evident in naturally occuring trends e.g. whether they are positive or negative and the strength.
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How does basic research differ from applied research?
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Basic research refers to that which is primarily concernced with increasing our understanding of psychology and with investigating phenomena through theory construction. Applied research refers to the application of knowledge to the real world oin order to solve practical problems outside of the laboratory setting.
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What is external validity and what are its biggest threats?
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The extent to which the relationship observed in an experimental setting holds in the real world. It's biggest threats include confounding variables, sample size and characteristics, laboratory settings.
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What does the concept of self refer to? or, what makes up someones self concept?
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Someones concept of self is constructed from the total sum of their beliefs about themself (their self schemas) and to the extent that they identify with these schemas.
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What is the difference between a Hot and a Cold variable?
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Hot variables refer to motivation and emotion whereas cold variables refer to cognition.
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How do people gain a concept of self through the influence of the social enviroment?
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When ambiguous we turn to others to determine our emotions. Two Factor Theory: First we experience a physiological arousal, Then we make a cognitive interpretation. If interpretation is difficult we copy others interpretations. Kelly's Covariation Theory and Jones's correspondence thory of inference.
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What role does implicit egotisim play in the development and protection of a persons self esteem?
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Weak, but stastically sginificant. People prefer things, and therefore associate themselves with things, that they believe match their concept of self and remind them of themself. E.g. implicit egotism towards first letter of your name.
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Explain Self Discrepency Theory and the role it plays in Self Esteem.
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Mismatches between our Actual, Ideal, and Ought self result in problems with self esteem. If Actual and Ideal are very different then sadness, if Actual and Ought are very different then anger and self blame.
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What roles do illusions and biases play in the formation and protection of a persons self esteem?
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Positive illuisions and health protective. People tend to have many positive illusions about themselves and believe positive traits are more applicable to them.False Consensus Effect.
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What is the Self Evaulation maintenance model of self esteem?
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People are motivated to view themselves in a positive light through reflection and social comparison. For example through Basking in Glory we reflect others accomplishments and via downward social comparisons we feel better about ourselves.
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How to people gain a concept of self from their culture?
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Individualistic cultures promote a a concept of self revolving around personal acheivement and the attainment of personal goals. collectivist cultures contrast with this promoting the status of the group.
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What is self handicapping and what role does it play in self esteem?
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Providing yourself with an excuse for failure by deliberatly handicapping yourself so that when/if you fail you dont have to blame it on a lack of your own ability. Men tend to do this most via substance abuse and neglecting to prepare. Women via stress/physical symtoms e.g. headache. Results in phenomena of sandbagging, where one downplays their own ability.
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How does the way in which one presents themself shape their behaviour?
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People often engage in strategic self presentation where they are deliberatly presenting themselves in a certain way to acheive a certain goal e.g. wearing a bad-ass suit to get a bad-job (secret agent). People also engage in Self Verification whereby they actively look for instances where others view them as they view themselves and ignore evidence to the contraire.
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Explain Kelly's Covariation Theory
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People determine whether or not an action corelates with a personal or sitauational attribute based on whether the behaviour always covaries with the situation or not. Based on 1) Consensus of others, 2) Distinctivness of behaviour, 3) Consistency of behaviours.
All 3 high then situational attirbution likely. |
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How does the way a person looks (holding race/sex constant) affect the way we perceive them?
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More baby faced individuals are seen as trustworthy, neive, submissive and approachable, whereas man faced individuals are seen as more dominant, competent, and dangerous. Baby facers will get off in court but not at a job interview.
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In terms of non verbal communication how good are people at a) reading emotion on a persons face, and b) telling if someone is lying or not.
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a) 90 percent b) 50 percent
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How does Jones's Correspondence Inference Theory explain how people determine whether an attribute is enduring or transient?
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1) Choice; The more choice the more enduring, 2) Expectedness; The more it deviates from norm the more enduring, 3) Outcome; The less desireable outcomes the more enduring.
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Representative Heuristic?
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Ignoring base rate probabilites and assigning instances to categories based on how well they match them.
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Explain The Augmentation Principle used when attempting to determine the cause of a persons behaviour.
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Assigning greater weight to a cause of behaviour if other plausible causes exist for the opposite of the behaviour.
Also out of role (schema) behaviour is picked up quickly. |
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Explain The Discounting Principle used when attempting to determine the cause of a persons behaviour.
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People assign reduced weight to a particular casue of behaviour if their are other plausible causes.
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Counterfactual Thinking
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Attributions and thoughts are affected by what might have been e.g. silver medalists less happy than bronze.
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Anchoring and Adjustment Effect?
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People estimate uncertain qualities based on prior information. e.g. if i said NZ is made up of 3 islands, how many islands do you think are in Bahamas? You're primes to answer around 3, maybe 8? When in reality it's like 3000.
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Self Fulfilling Prophecy
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One's expectations about a person eventually lead that person to behave in ways that confirm expectations.
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What is the difference between a Stereotype, Prejudice, and Discrimination?
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Generalised Belief vs. Negative Attitudes/Feelings vs. Actions against a group.
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What is Aversive Racism and how does it differ from blatant racism?
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Aversiev racism refers to discrimination that surfaces in subtle ways. Often when it is socially acceptable and when they can rationalise their opinions/behaviours. Blatant racism is dropping the n-bomb.
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Availability Heuristic?
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Determining the probability of an event based on how easy instances of it come to mind.
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What is Social Role Theory and how does it explain gender steretypes?
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Social Role Theory claims that differences between genders are actually very small, but that they become magnified by pre-existing gender typical roles which are highly contrasting. e.g. diff between nurse and lumberjack seems very large.
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What is gender backlash?
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Violation of stereotypical gender roles resulting in negative social/economic outcomes. e.g. highly qualified women are often not liked.
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What is an implicit bias? How does it affect us in everyday situations?
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Implicit bias refers to unconscious or repressed stereotypes/prejudices held by an individual. It is usually measured using rapid respons tasks. If affects the way we judge people everyday, some more than others obviously, even affecting our physical behaviour.
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How can intergroup conflict be reduced?
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Working on superordinate goals quickly reduces tension.
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How does Motivational Perspective explain in and out groups?
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Argues that humans are group creatures and have an intrinsic need to belong ot groups as they offer self protection. this can result in an us vs. them mentality.
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Explain Social Identity Theory
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We form part of our sense of self through the accomplishments of percieved in-groups, e.g. fav sports team. When out sports team wins we get a boost of S.E. and when we insult out-groups.
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Uncertainty Reduction
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Social identity can offer prototypes to clarify our place in respect to others. Threats to group therefore threaten who we are and make us uncertainty.
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How does Realistic Conflict Theory explain implicit/explicit biases towards out-groups?
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Argues that competition for scarce resources between groups breeds hostility. However direct competition is not a requirement, although it helps. Poor economic conditions correlate with hostility towards outgroups.
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Describe the Outgroup Homogeneity Effect
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The tendency to believe members of an outgroup are more similar than members of ones ingroup. This is a result of more exposure to variation in ones ingroup and the miss-belief that a few members of an outgroup represent the entire group.
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Explain System Justification theory
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The general motive for people to support the status quo and justify existing social structures, even if it negatively impacts the in-group.
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How does the Cognitive Perspective explain inter group bias?
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Intergroup bias is a product of information processing and social categorization. Bias and hostility occurs when differences between groups are overestimated and within group differences are underestimated.
Steretypes are much more common when cognitive resources are depleted. |
