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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spotlight Effect
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- The belief that others are paying more attention to one apppearence and behavior that they really are
Barry Manilow exp (no one looking out you :: predicted 50%; actual 23%) |
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Illusion of Transparency
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- the illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others
- we can be more opaque then we realize (our internal states are more opaque than we realize) |
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Illusion of transparency related to the spotlight effect
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- ill of T our emotional states can be seen
- spotlight effect - sets up and intensifies the ill of T by supplying an imaginary audience |
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Interplay between our sense of self and our social world
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- spotlight effect
- illusion of transparency - social surroundings affect our self awareness (deviating greatly from the mean in a meaningful, appearent way) - self-interest colors our social judgement (falsely attributing negative outcomes to others and reserving responisibility positive outcomes) - self-concern motivates our social behavior (self monitoring and self presentation focus) - Social relationships help define our self (our self concept shifts given relational demands) |
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TRAFFIC BETWEEN THE SELF AND OTHERS RUNS BOTH WAYS
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TRAFFIC BETWEEN THE SELF AND OTHERS RUNS BOTH WAYS
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Why is the self important (some words)
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- it allows us to organize our thoughts, feelings, and actions
- sense of self enables us to remember our past, assess our present, and profect our future - self as the ultimate tool of social adaptivity - mostly activated and formed unconsciously - the self does enable long-term planning, goal setting, and restraint - it imagines alternative, engages in social comparision, and manages relationships |
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The Self Consists of 4 categories (leacture sneak)
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- Self Esteem (how we feel about our selves :: general v. context )
- Social Self (group identity: assigned natural categories v chosen categories) - Self Knowledge (how we define ourselves :: declarative knowledge of the self) Self - Concept (fluid aspects/ varying aspects and attributes :: self schemas (perception; building blocks of the world) v self guides (behavior) |
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DeeP@P:: Self
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- it is the egocentric animus that is hypercritical and hyper sensitive to its environment; constantly striving towards fulltilment of complex ideal; it guides, it worships, it condemns and it is, you
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Self Concept
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- A person's answers to the question, "Who am I?"
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Self in the Brain
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- Medial Prefrontal Cortex (gets active when you think about yourself)
- a neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes - damage to right hemishpere implcations for self recognition in active behaviors |
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the self -> Self Concept -> self schema (help generate and principal in the assembly of the building blocks of your self in context)
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- beliefs about the self that organize and guide the processing of self relevant behavior
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breaking down "self-schema"
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schema = mental templates by which we organize our world
self schema = affect how we preceive, remember, and evaluate other people and ourselves |
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Example of a self schema :: being an intellectual
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self concept :: intelligent person (answers the question who am I?)
self concept (intelligent person) -> self schema (being an intellectual) -> you PRECEIVE others in terms of intelligence REMEMBER instances of intelligent behavior (purposely ambiguous could apply to yourself or others) and use intelligence in EVALUATING yourself and others |
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WE WELCOME INFORMATION CONSISTENT WITH OUR SELF SCHEMA or...
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WE WELCOME FEEDBACK THAT REINFORCES OUR SELF CONCEPT (does this work in both positive and negative directions?)
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Possible selves
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images of what we dream or dread of becoming in the future
(related to lecture ideal self and ought self with an extra dread self) |
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The Self (book) composite of:
Self concept/ self knowledge/ self esteem/ social self |
The Self (lecture)
self concept/ self knowledge/ self esteem/ social self r = 1 |
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Social Self: Factors from experience
(genetic factors have been recognized from twin studies of emphasis here is social experience) |
- roles we play
- social identies we form - the comparisions we make - our success and failures - how people judge us - surrounding culture |
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Self -> Social Self -> the roles we play
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enacting new role begins with some self consciousness (is this who I am?) however what may start off as imitation become reality as the role we play is subsumed into the self through the social self category of being
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Self -> Social Self -> social comparisions
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- evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others
- being the big fish in the pond - cute girl with lesser attractive friends - the implications of social comparision for the rest of the self is that it works to provide a basis for for self concept, can improve or harm self esteem, and may function to supply is with models we have critically observed to derive a sense of self knowledge |
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Self -> Social Self -> success and failure
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sucess and failure help furhter distinguish of social self and related to other categories of self such success in a task which is relevant to our self schema (self-concept) can effect our sense of self worth (self-esteem)
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Self -> Social Self -> other people's judgments
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- other people judgements (labels) help design our self concept
- Cooley (1902) how we think other preceive us as a mirror for preceiving ourselves --> Mead (1934) what matters is not how others preceive us but how we imagine others preceive us |
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z side :: given Meads assertion what matters is not how others precieve us but what we imagine how others precieve, and in combination with (Shrauger & Schoeneman) who have pointed out our tendency towards positive appraisal ...what is the implication that can be drawn about the effect this may have on self concept?
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- because we individuals will more likely experience positive feedback instead of negative feedback it makes it more likely we interpret a greater social self which may lead to an inflated self concept
- overestimate others apprasials -> inflated self images |
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Note of self esteem Mark Leary (1998)
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- has an evolutionary twist
- self steem, he argues, is a psyhological gague by which we monitor and react to ow others appraise us |
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Self -> Social Self -> self and culture
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- cultural variables that use the conduit of the social self to affect self concept
- collectivism (interdependent identity :: more holistic thinking/ thinking in terms of relationships )vs individualism (identity is self contained) |
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Questions
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- which part of the self has the most power
- are branches of the self equal in influencing the self? do they always function simultaneously? - is their an aspect of the self that is more conscious than the other (guessing self concept however we tend to be able to describe our selves in terms of social roles just as easily as we use attributes orginating from self concept and degrees of such attributes which are provided by our self schema) |
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Relating the Cultural quesition of self to self complexity
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if you are more individualistic you have a more complex, more representative self --> you have more segregated categories not bonded holistically
With a collectivism view or a lees complex self you have different social selves(roles) connected through the self |
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less complex self- representation (interdependent view) v. more complex self-representation idendent view
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- the more holistic the more affected the aggregate self (and by consequence subsidiary selves) are affected
example complex :: my failure on a test will does not make me a bad friend less complex :: my failure on a test is a let down to those around me thus I am a bad friend |
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complex self rep vs simple self rep
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- gain in one dimension doesnt affect others (comp)
- negative feedback in one dimension doesnt affect others (comp) - neither extreme is healthy |
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Social Self and its processes (or process identified by thier direct connection to social world) are ways of gaining knowledge of ourselves
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WE USE OUR SOCIAL SELF TO GAIN SELF KNOWLEDGE!!! (what is self knowledge --> how we define ourselves ... looking glass self ...
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Self Knowledge
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- gained through social self processes
- subject to most error more than any other self proceses - Explains our Behavior (misattribution) - poor at predicting behav. - poor at predicting our feelings |
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The tendency to under estimate how long it will take to complete a task
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- the planning fallacy
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The planning fallacy is an example of...
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- of mis slef knowledge
- poor prediction of our behavior |
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Who are better at predicting our behaviors us or our peers
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peers
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Best way to improve your behavior predictions
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- look at past behavior as a guide and set realistic expectations
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The Planning fallacy --> Predicting our behavior as THe Imact Bias -->
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Predicting our feelings
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What are the two factors which are misrepresented when predicitng our future emotions? (self knowledge)
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duration and intensity
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How might this be a problem in sexual behavior?
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- we may be able to say we would have constraint but we misjudge the intensity this could be the potential dangerous in regards to sexual arousal leading acts of sexual aggression
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another example of how we might mispredict feelings (food)
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- our feelings about calorie cost of foods are mitigated by hunger
- after satiation what we though would be a satsifying experience no longer seems worth it |
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The Impact Bias
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- mis self knowledge
- Over estimating the enduring impact of emotion causing events - ex long term happiness and winning the lottery - poor affetive forecasts - especially noticeable with negative events |
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What reason for the impact bias
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we misrepresent other factor in our lives which may determine our emotions
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Two important factor in our poor affective forecasts
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- Impact bias (overestimating the enduring impact of emotion casuing events; wether heightening their value or deny their impact --> on test look for the example to portray a negative event responed to with an over reactive prediction)
- Immune Negect (psychological immune system; underestimating speed and impact; recovery and resilience) |
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Immune Neglect
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- activated strongly by major negative events
- psychological immune system - emotional recovery - recovery and resilience after bad things happen |
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Perception and memory studies show that we are aware of the results of our mind but not its processes ...
explain the significance this has for self knowledge |
Dual attutidues explains that we function in our social world on two levels the conscious and the unconscious. Attitudes held at the unconscious level may differ from our conscious level attitudes.
- mental processes that control our social behavior distinct from process that explain our behavior Timothy Wilson " We are strangers to ourselves" |
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Self knowledge
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- when causes of our behavior are appearent to an observer than we are also likely to be in the know
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Dual Attitudes
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- Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object
- Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attiudes change more slowly, with practice that forms new habits |
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Two take aways from self knowledge studies
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- self reports are often untrustworthy
- keep in mind as you navigate the social world what people say might not be truly how they thus might not garuntee behavior or communicate the present of future feelings accurately |
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Self Esteem
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- a person's overall self evaluation or sense of self worth
- the causal arrow maybe argued both ways between achievement and high self esteem - general self esteem itself may not be an indicator of achievement or ability |
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General and unrealistic vs specific and realistic feed back
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- feedback is best when true and specific
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z side Mark Leary vs Jeff Greenberg part 1
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- evolutionary perspective :: self esteem indicates to us of social rejection motivating us to act -> self improvement or inclusion elsewhere (do these differing views represent internal and external attributions for self esteem ... is developing a mixed approach always the most effective way in combating low self esteem)
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z side Mark Leary vs Jeff Greenberg part 2
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Greenberg - existential perspective counter if self esteem were about acceptance than why do we strive to be great
( my counterD: because we the world will always present us with more opprotunities to unaccepted/ impact bias on the pain of rejection + misprediciting the value of social acceptance in some cases/ the real severity of the need for social acceptance keeps us in wanting) |
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z side Mark Leary vs Jeff Greenberg part 3
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- reality of our own death motivates us to gain recognition from our work and values
- such high recognition is scarce in society (why self esteem can never be unconditional) - to feel our lives are not lived in vain we continually need to pursue self esteem by meeting social standards (write essay comparing these two ideas!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!) |
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Although self esteem has been correllated to poor life outcomes...
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... when a study controlled for factors that may had lead to poor life events (sexual abuse, parental drug use and childhood poverty) the link between self esteem and negative outcomes disappeared
-SELF ESTEEM WAS NOT THE CAUSE OF THESE YOUNG ADULTS PROBLEMS - THE SEEMING CAUSE, INSTEAD WAS THAT MANY COULD NOT ESCAPE THEIR TOUGH CHILDHOODS |
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High self esteem
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- has it pros (resilience, initiative, pleasant feelings)
- but it can lead to dangerous behaviors (agressive language, violence, unsafe sex) |
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what is the crucial difference between narciassits and people with normal high self esteem
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- people normal high self esteem value both individual acheivement and their relationships with others; narciassits lack this later attribute
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Myth of Narcacissm
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- mostly hogwash
- anti social behavior in low self esteem is likely a product of past events - most likely high self esteem folks deep down are not insecure but think they are awesome |
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Narcissism on the Rise
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- love being winners aren't concerned about being close to others
- fewer committed to relationships, more gambling, more cheating |
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The most dangerous mistake in evaluating another person's self concept is
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... thinking poor behavior derives from low self esteem not learning history and that high self esteem is always positive
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What has been problematic in the applied world with the conclusions drawn about by low and high self esteem?
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high pos self concept --> negative behavior
low self esteem --> clinical problems Tension in the findings... low self esteem --> negative attitude ---> negative behaviors |
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high self esteem -> overrated ... low self esteem -> bad times .... secure self esteem ->
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JUST RIGHT!!
- a self esteem not rooted more in feeling good about who one is conducive to long term well being -grades, looks, money or others approval (external causes) perhaps good in aggregate to help boosts but should be the core (however these external forces may help in shaping a strong positive self concept) - focus on competency, relationships and developing ones talents and less on self image |
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Self Esteem
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- overall sense of self worth we use to appraise our traits and abilities
- self concepts are determined by multiple influences: roles we play, our social identities, how we precieve other appraising us, and our experiences of success and failure |
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Precieved Self control (take away)
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- finite resource of self control that when extingusihed effects other areas
- blood central executive funcitons consume blood sugar in brain when engaged in self control |
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Bandura's Self efficacy
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A sense that one is competent and effective distinguished from self esteem, which is one's sense of self worth
- a manager might feel high self efficacy but low self esteem |
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Competence + persistence =
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accomplishment
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+ accomplishment + ->
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+ self efficacy +
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the self generative triad
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self efficacy -> competence + persistence -> acomplishement -> self efficacy -> (repeating) etc....
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if you like yourself ...
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self esteem
"you are moral person " |
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If you believe you can do something ....
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self efficacy
"i know you can do it" praise for working hard not for good work praise for good work can turn future work into a self esteem threat situation |
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What factor also determines wether or not self efficacy will lead to behavior?
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- locus of control ( have a strong internal control over the conditions of a task; being able to effectively produce outcomes)
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Rotter and Phares and the tiny DANCAAAAH ....
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- Rotter forming an idea about sense of individual control
- why some persistently " feel that what happends to them is governed largely by external forces of one kind or another, while others feel that that what happeneds to them is governed largely by their own efforts and skills" |
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Locus of Control
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The extent to which people preceive outcomes as internal controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces
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free will is an illusion =
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poor behavior, low internal locus of control
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Locus of control and the ridiculous book THE Secret
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locus of control (or hackneyed positive thought patterns) has a limit on how much it can influence life outcomes
sometimes its outside of your control... when it is truly outside of your control its counter control time... |
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Example of Locus of COntrol (contributions to new theories on behavior)
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Learned Helplessness
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Learned Helplessness
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- the sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
( after taught they couldnt escape dogs passive when they could escape :: destroyed self efficacy ) |
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Self control generalizes across situation
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- learned helpnessness (neg)
- overall life perfomance improved by discipline in one task; good stuff spilling over (pos) |
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giving control ...
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improves response to stress conditions and overall well being
can establish internal locus of control can contribute towads building general self efficacy |
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The costs of excess choice
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- enhance regret
- choosing cognitively taxing - lead to a paralysis of decisiveness - marriage satisfaction in older times when divorce was stigmatized |
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Control (as choice) :: how much is too much
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- the same freedom that can inhibit the psychological processes that manufacture satisfaction
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Badura :: self efficacy is fed by...
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social persuasion and self persuasion
- modeling - MOST OF ALL MASTERY EXPERIENCES :: "sucesses build's ones efficacy" |
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how to praise
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to reinforce good behavior
bolster self esteem when it is deserved net effect raise in good behavior and improvement |
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Self Serving Bias
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We readily excuse our failures, accept credit for our success, and in many ways see ourselves as better than aveage
Self enhancing procedures |
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Self Serving Bias
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The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
- bias blid spot - collectivist :: favorable traits however less likely enhance - better than average in social comparision |
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Self Serving Bias --> self-serving attributions
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a form of self serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes and negative outcomes to other factors
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self serving attributions
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- can affect relationships in the workplace (assigning responsibility)
- blaming failure on external circumstances to distance ourselves to mainting positive self images - we maybe be neutral with past selves |
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Material Version of Self - Serving
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- discreapeancy of real contributions
- when adding group member contributions from self report it goes over 100% |
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subjective behavioral dimensions (self serving bias)
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trigger even greater self serving bias than observable behavioral dimensions
- subjective qualities give give us leeway in constcructing our definitions of success |
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subjective behaviora dimensions (self serving bias)
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defining ambiguous criteria in our own terms, each of us can see ourselvs as relatively successful
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Unrealistic Optimism
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- unrealistic optimism of future evens
- believe we are far less likely to experience negative life events -high interst fees, low annual rates -Ilusory optimism creates vulnerability (deny likely negative consequences) - on rise in US |
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Optimisms Perks
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- beats pessimism in self efficacy, health, and well being
- optimistic ancestors likely surmounted challenges and survived |
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Defensive Pessimism
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- can save us from the perils of unrealistic optimism
- anticipates problems and motivates liking - dont be over confident |
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The perfect balance
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optimism to sustain hope and pessimism to motivate concern
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False consensus effect
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- the tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undersirable or unsuccessful behaviors
- we assure in thinking poor actions and behaviors are common |
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Cause of the Consensus effect
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- generalize from a limited sample
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The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's desirable or succesful behavior
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The False Uniqueness Effect
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Self Serving Bias
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self-serving attributions, self congradulatory comparision, illusory optimism, and false consensus for one's failing
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Explaining Self Serving Bias
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- BY product of how we remember information about ourselves (biased observation of our own behavior over others)
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Self-knowledge = asses competence
self confirmation = verify our conceptions self - affirmation = enhance our self image Self esteem = |
self serving bias
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Self Serving Bias as Adaptive
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- elongate good mood
- deal with stressful conditions - protect from depression - buffer :: existential depression - Create Self fullfilling prophecy |
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Self Serving Bias as Maladaptive
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- cause conflict in group settings (allocating blame/ feeling underappreciated)
- hubris |
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Group serving Bias
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Explaining away outgroup members positive behaviors and also attributing to them negative to their dispositions
(while excusing such behavior in your own group) - make outgroup seem less capable than they are and seeing them generally more negative |
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Self Handicapping
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protecting ones self image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for failure
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Self Presentation
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- that act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or impression that corressopnds to ones ideals
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Social Netowrking Sites
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impression management on steriods
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Self monitoring
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being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression
- social chameleons |
