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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology
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- science that studies the influences of our social situations, with special attention to how we view and affect one another
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Social Psycholgy
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- how people think about, influence, and relate to one another
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What to sciences lie closely at the boundaries of social psychology?
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- sociology
-personality psychology |
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How does social psychology differ from sociology?
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- less involved in the study of social groups interacting
- focus is more on on an individuals interation with the grop - less use of correlative procedures - more emphasis on experimentation |
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How does social psychology differ from personality psych?
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- less emphasis on individual differences and more emphais on how individuals, in general, view and affect one another
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Social Psy's Big Ideas
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- We Construct Our Social Reality
- Our Social Intuitions Are Often Powerful but Somtimes Perilous - Social Influences Shape Our Behavior - Personal Attitudes and Dispoitions Also Shape Behavior - Social Behavior is Biologically Rooted - Social Psy Principles Are Applicable in Everyday Life |
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Big ID 1: We Construct Our Reality
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- Darthmouth v Princton football game experiment: bias couinting of violations
- There is an objective reality out there, but we always view it through the lens of our own beliefs - how we contrue the world and ourselves has implications for behavior |
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z-side // the human inclination is to ........ behavior
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- explain
- attribute it to some cause - make it seem orderly, predictable, and controllable |
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Challenge on the DeepoP side: We construct Our Reality therefore our beliefs and values will always filter objective reality
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- can beliefs and values be tailored towards objective truth ( a scientific method to social engagement..)
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Big ID 2: Our Social intuitions Are Often Powerful but Sometimes Perilous
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Thinking, memory, and attitudes all operate on 2 levels -- one conscious and deliberate, the other unconscious and automatic
fast and frugal thinking inutions are effective but when accuracy matters and we have time we need to engage our critical thinking resources |
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What are the two levels of thinking, memory and attitdue
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conscious and unconscious
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Examples of social intuitions
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- automatic processing
- implicit memory - heuristis - spontaneous trait inference - instant emotions - non verbal communication |
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What is the Dual Processing theory of social behavior suggests?
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thinking, attitudes and memory occur at two levels... the unconscious and conscious
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Give an example of an intution affecting ones thinking
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ex reactionary measures to events occuring in our environment based on sailent past memories which are not representative yet enact action because of the prevasiveness
ex mis predicitng one future state and underappreciating influence from others |
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Big ID 3: Social INfluences Shape our behavior
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- we have social goals (admiration, acceptance, belonging, etc)
- relationships are a large part of being human - we respond to our immediate context (powerful social situations can shape behavior (neg ex :: conformity studies/ nazism/ pos ex :: 911 = generousity) - another example is the role of culture in developing our attitudes, values and beliefs (collectivism v individualism, definition of social justice, physical attractiveness measures) |
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Big ID 4: Personal Attitudes and Dispositions also Shape Behavior
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- Internal forces also shape ones behavior
- facing the same situation, different people may react differntly |
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Big ID 5: Social Behavior is Biologically Rooted
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- we evolutionary program to be sensitive and responsive to our social context
- if every psychological event is a biological event than every and every social event is a psychological event than we can study social behavior with nuerobiology - social nueroscience |
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Social Nuerosicence
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- an integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the eural and psychological bases of social and emotional behaviors
- embracing the bio-psycho-social model of psychology |
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Social Psychology's Principles Are Applicable in Everyday Life
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- broad applicaitons for society and individuals in terms evaluating behavior
( human heath and well being -- winning over friends) - Social psy is all about life -- your life: your beliefs, your attitudes, your relationships |
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Obvious Ways Values Enter Psychology
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- in choosing research topics (social psychology has oriented itself in the direction of each decades most contraversial social discussions)
- cultural differences impact oreination of research - social psychologist study values but do not determine which values are right |
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Not-So-Obvious Way Values Enter Psychology
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- Subjective Aspects of Science (science depends of subjective interpretation)
- social represenations (unchallenged shared views) - situations as we consture it |
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Social Representations
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- socially shared beliefs -- widely held ideas and values including our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social rep's help us make sense of our world
- situations as we consture it |
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Psychological Concepts Contain Hidden Values
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- psyhcology is not objective :: psycholoist own values play a role in shaping theories and the judgements they support
Labeling: values lay hidden within our cultural definitions of mental health, our psychological advice for living, our concepts, and our psy'al labels |
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should we dismiss science because it has a subjective side?
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Negative. We need to actively engage eachother within the intellectual community to challenge eachothers biases futhermore all efforts should be made to find the best poistion in light of all the evidence. We need multiple different types of people contributing mutiple different types of ideas to draw us closer to something like an objective truth
- checking our beliefs against the facts we can help to learn to restrain them systematic observation = cleaning the lens through which we see reality |
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2 contradictory criticisms of social psy
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- experiemnts have shown common sense (popular beliefs) fail in experimental condition
- Hindsight bias |
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Hindsight Bias
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- the tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome, ne's ability to ahve foreseen how something turned out.
- misremember our prior views - almost any result of an experiment can seem conceivable after you know the result - i knew it all along phenonmenon - Kierkegaard "life lived foward, but understood backwards." |
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Hindsight Bias
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= intellectual arrgoance (overestimating one intellectual abilities)
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Theory
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- an integrated set of principles that explain and predict
- summarize and explain facts - supported by evidence drawn from empirical observation - imply predictions - tell us when, how and why an event will occur |
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Hypothesis
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A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events
- allow us to test a theory - orients research - predictive feature makes them practical |
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Good theory
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- effectively summarizes many observ
- makes clear predicitons (confirm or modify theory, generate new explainations, suggests practical applicaitons) |
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Field Research
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Research done in natural, real life settings outside the labatory
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correlational
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teh study of naturally re ocurring relationships among variables
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experimental
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studies that seek to find cause and effect relationships my manipulating one or more factors while controlling others
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correltaitonal
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- important variables in natural setting
- however ambiguous cause and effect relationship - direction of causality? - confounds |
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Correlations quantify (r)
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the degree of relationship between factor
- knowing that two variables change together enables us to predict one when we know the other, but correlation does not specify cause and effect |
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Random sample
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- survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied being studied has an equal chance of inclusion
- data drawn from random sample will reflect to a represenation of subclasses of the populations |
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Unrepresentative samples
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- are all members of the population suffciently represented (does underrepresenation effect genrealizability of the samples predicitive powers)
- order of questions - response options - Wording of questions (Framing) condom effectiveness rate 95% success to 5% failure |
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Experimental Research
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- response to the difficulty in discerning cause and effect from naturally occurring correllations
- experiments can help clarify causation suspected from correlational studies |
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dependent variable
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- variable being measured
- called dependent because it may depend on manipulations on the IDV |
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Random Assignment
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- the process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being given the condition
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Random Assignment vs Random sampling
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assignment - infer cause and effect
sample - generalize to the public |
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mundane realism
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degree in which an experiment is superficially similar to everydat life
(not necessary) |
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Experimental realism
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degree in which an experiment engages participant
engage real psychological processes |
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demand characteristics
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cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
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we can distinguish between the content of people's thinking and acting and the process by which they think and act (example how attitudes affect behavior)
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disadvantage of experimental method .... some important variables can not be studied with experiements
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