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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social psychology
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Is the study of how popel related to and influence each other.
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Difference btw social psychology and sociology
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Sociology is interested in the study of groups while social psychology uses the experimental method to study individuals and the effects of social influence
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Three founding big wigs of social psychology
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Norman Triplett; Kurt Lewin; Fritz Heider
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Founder Norman Triplett; known for?
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First Social Psychology experiment; Social facilitation; 1897 he found that cyclists performed better when paced by others than when they rode aolne.
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Founder Kurt Lewin; known for?
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Founder of the field of social psychology; He applied Gestalt ideas to social behavior; known for Field Theory:
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Describe Lewins field theory; define lifespance
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The total of influenes upon individual behavior. A person's life space is the collection of forces upon the individual.
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Valence, vector, and barrier are terms associated with?
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Lewins Field Theory; these three terms are said to be forces in the life space
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Founder Fritz Heider, which two theories is he known for finding?
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Attribution theory and Balance theory
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Attribution theory
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Heider; or the study of how people infer the causes of others behavior. People will actually attribute intentions and emotions to just about anything, even moving geometrical shapes on a screen.
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Balance theory
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Heider, or the study of how people make their feelings and/or actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis.
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Mistakes we make; Actor-observer attributional divergence
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Is the tendency for the person who is doing the behavior to have a different perspective on the situation than a person watching the behavior.
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Mistakes we make; self-serving attributional bias
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Is interpreting one's own actions and motives in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for succeses.
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Mistakes we make; why do we make the self-serving attributional bias--state key phrase; what bias is the opposite of?
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We think that we are "better than average;" Opposite of the fundamental attribution bias by Heider, that says we attribute cause of a situation to the person not the situation but to ourselves it is the situation not us.
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Mistakes we make; Illusory correlation.
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Is assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship
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Mistakes we make; Slippery slope
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Is a logical fallacy that says a small, insignificant first step in one direction will eventually lead to greater steps that will eventually have a significant impact.
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Mistakes we make; hindsight bias
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Is believing after the fact that you knew something all along.
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Mistakes we make; halo effect.
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Is thinking that if someone has one good quality then he has only good qualities
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Mistakes we make; self-fulfilling prophecy
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Occurs when one's expectations somehow draw out, or in a sense cause, the very behavior that is expected.
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Mistakes we make; False consensus bias
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Is assuming most other people think as you do.
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Mistakes we make; Lee Ross
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Studied subjects who were first made to believe a statement and then later told it was false.
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Mistakes we make; In Lee Ross study where he told a false truth and people continued to believe the statement even after they were told that it was false, why did this phenomena occur?
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The subjects continued to believe the statement if they had processed it and edevised their own logical explanation for it.
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Mistakes we make; Richard Nisbett;
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Showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do.
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Mistakes we make; Base-rate fallacy
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Is overestimating the general frequency of things we are most most familiar with.
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Mistakes we make; M.J. Lerner's JWB
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Is the belief the good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people. It is uncomfortable for people to accept that bad things happen to good people, so they blame the victim.
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Mistakes we make; Illusion of Control, who developed this theory?
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Ellen Langer
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Mistakes we make; Ellen Langer Illusion of control theory
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Belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on. this illusion is the driving force behind mannipulating the lottery, gambling, and superstition.
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Mistakes we make; Representative heuristic.
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Is using a shortcut about typical assumptions to guess at an anser rather than relying on actual logic.
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Mistakes we make: Example of the representative heuristic
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One might assume that a 6 foot woman is a model, bc women who are beautiful and 6 ft are typically models; instead of the reality that she is a lawyer, she doesn't represent the stereotypical mode of a lawyer; this is in the face that there are many more lawyers than models and odds are in favor of her being a lawyer over a model.
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Mistakes we make; availability heuristic
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popel think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is bc examples of that one thing come to mind more easilty
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Mistakes we make: Availability heuristic example.
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If someone has read a list of names, half of which were names of clebrities and the other half of which were names randomly selcted from a phoneboo, the person would later report that there were more celebrities than phone book names on the list, bc celebrity names were easieer to remember.
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Why we do what we do: Leon Festinger; theory
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Why we do what we do; Leon Festinger, Cognitive Dissonance theory
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Suggests that it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions. After making a difficult deision, peope are motivate to back their actions up by touting corresponding beliefs/attitudes.
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Why we do what we do; Why do people after a difficult decision feel motivated to back up actions by corresponding beliefs/attitudes?
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Because the less the act is justified by circumstance, the more we feel the neeed to justify it by bringing our attitude in line w/the behavior.
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Why we do what we do; Daryl Bem's theory?
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Self-perception theory
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Why we do what we do: Daryl Bem's self perception theory
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Offers an alternative explanation to cognitive dissonance. Bem asserted that when people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from their own behavior.
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Why we do what we do; Bem's self perception theory offered an alternative to Festinger's cog. dissonance, in that when people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from theim own behavior, how so ?
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Rather than actually changing their beliefs, which is the assumption of cog. dis. theory; Bem states people don't change their beliefs; ex. if a man demanded 1k to work on sat. he would proabably realize that he does not like his job all that much.
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Why we do what we do; Overjustification effect follow from which theory
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Bem's self perception theory
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Why we do what we do; What is the overjustification effect following from overjustification theory?
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It is the tendency to assume that we ust not want to do things that we are paind or compensated to do. A person who loves to sing and is then paid to do so will lose pleasure in singing bc the activity is now overjustified.
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Why we do what we do; Gain-loss theory
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Suggests that people act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss. People feel most favorably toward situations that start out neg. but end pos.
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Why we do what we do; gain loss theor says that people feel most favorably toward situations that start out neg. but end pos. even when
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Even when compared to completely pos situation, they will feel most fav. to situ. that began neg and turned pos.
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Why we do what we do; Social exchange theory
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Suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize costs
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Why we do what we do; Self presentation
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Paricularly positive presentation, is an important influence on behavior. We act in ways that are in line w/our attitudes or in ways that wil be accepted by others.
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Why we do what we do; self presentation and self monitoring
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Is the process by which people pay close attention to their actions. Often, as a result, people change their behaviors to be more favorable.
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Why we do what we do; Self presentation esp. positive presentation, influences my behavior as I wil act in ways that are in line w/my attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others; impression management
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Is behaving in ways that might make a good impression.
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Why we do what we do; Robert Zajonc which theory
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Social facilitation
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Robert Zajonc extended tripletts findings by describing that
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This is the tencency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder performance and Zajonc found that the presence of others helps w/easy tasks but hinders complex tasks.
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Why we do what we do; Social comparison
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Is evaluating one's own actions, abilities, opinions and deas by comparing them to those of others.
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Social comparison and mainstreaming; as I evaluate my actions, abilitites, opinions and ideas by comparing them to those of others, these others are?
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Generally familiar people from our own social group or strat, social comparison is then used as an argument against mainstreaming.
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Why is social comparison used as an argument against mainstreaming?
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When children w/difficulties are thrown into classes w/children w/out such difficulties, this comparison may result in lower self-esteem for the children w/difficulties problems. So don't mainstream or child will compare and self esteem will be lowered as a result
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Why we do what we do; Role
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Is the set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person.
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