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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prosocial behavior |
any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person |
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altruism |
the desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper |
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kin selection |
the idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection |
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empathy |
the ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them |
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empathy altruism hypothesis |
the idea that when we feel empathy for a person we will attempt to help that person for purely altruistic reasons regardless of what we have to gain |
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altuistic personality |
the qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations |
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In-group |
the group with which an individual does identify |
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out-group |
any group with which an individual does not identify |
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urban overload hypothesis |
the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it |
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bystander effect |
the finding that the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help |
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Pluralistic ignorance |
the case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way when in fact they are not |
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diffusion of responsibility |
the phenomenon wherein each bystanders sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases |
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agression |
intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person ` |
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hostile agression |
aggression stemming from feeling of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury
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instrumental agression |
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain |
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social cognitive learning theory |
the theory that people learn social behavior in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans expectations and beliefs |
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frustration aggression theory |
the theory that frustration ---the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal __increases the probability of an aggressive response |
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weapons effect
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the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapons |
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sexual scripts |
sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the persons gender, religion, social status, and peer group
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catharsis |
the notion that "blowing off steam" by behaving aggressively or watching others do so---- relieves built up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior |
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prejudice |
a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group based solely on their membership in that group; it contains cognitive, emotional, and behavioral components |
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stereotype |
a generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group regardless of actual variation among the members |
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discrimination |
unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his or her membership in that group |
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Implicit Association test (IAT) |
a test thought to measure unconscious (implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association |
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self fulfilling prophecy |
an expectation of ones own or another persons behavior that comes true because of the tendency of the person holding it to act in ways that bring it about |
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stereotype threat |
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype |
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institutional discrimination |
practices that discriminate legally or illegally against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity gender culture age sexual orientation or other target of societal or company prejudice |
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normative conformity |
the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the groups expectations and gain acceptance |
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social identity |
the part of a persons self concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation |
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ethnocentrism |
the belief that ones own ethnic group nation or religion is superior to all others |
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in group bias |
the tendency to favor members of ones own group and give them social preference over people who belong to other groups; the group can be temporary and trivial as well as significant |
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out group homogeneity |
the perception that individuals in the out group are more similar to each other then they really are as well as more similar than members of the in group are |
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blaming the victims |
the tendency to blame individuals for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place |
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realistic conflict theory |
the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination |
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interdependence |
the situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on on another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them |
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jigsaw classroom |
a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self esteem of children by placing them in small multi ethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material |
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relational agression |
harming another person through the manipulation of relationships EX. spreading hurtful rumors |
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norm of reciprocity |
the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future |
