Social Psych Test 1

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social psychology

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scientific study in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people

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empirical evidence

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answers can be derived from experimentation

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goal of social psychology

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to identify universal properties of human nature that make everyone succeptable to social influence, regardless to class or culture

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Fundamental Attribution Error (correspondence bias)

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tendency to explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of a situation

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Construals

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interpretation of one's social environment

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Basic human motives

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the need to be accurate, the need to feel good about ourselves

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Self-Esteem approach

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the need to feel good about ourselves, Justifying past behavior, suffering and self justification

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Justifying past behavior

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distort reality to raise self esteem

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suffering and self justification

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to spin experiences in order to limit humiliation later

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social cognition approach

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the need to be accurate, thinking, contemplating, deducing, things are not always as they seem

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social cognition

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all people try to view the words as accurately as possible

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Expectations about the world

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self fulfilling prophecy, "bloomers" Rosenthal and Jacobson

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hindsight bias

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people exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome after knowing that it occured

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ethnography

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observing behavior from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have, used a lot in cultural anthropology

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interjudge reliability

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level of agreement between 2 or more people who independently observe a code or set of data

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independent variables

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the variable that is manipulated

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dependent variable

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the variable that is observed

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internal validity

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random assignments to condition, probability level (p-level) calculated statistic that tells how probable it is that something occurs by chance

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external validity

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the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to real-life situations/people

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psychological realism

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the emotions/reactions triggered are equivalent to those that are triggered in real life

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basica dilemma of the social psychologists

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tradeoff between internal and external vailidity

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basic research

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find answers for curiosity

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applied research

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find answers for curiosity

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social cognition

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refers to the way people think about themselves and the social environment, how they select, interpret, remember, and use social information

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automatic thinking

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instinctive, snap judgements, nonconsious, involuntary, effortless

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accessibility

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extent to which schemas come to mind and how likely they are to be used to make judgements, is a schema at the forefront of your mind?

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Priming

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the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema

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self fulfilling prophecy

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people have an expectation about a person, which influences the way they act towards them, which causes the person to behave consistently with the original expectation

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judgemental heurisitics

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mental shortcuts for people to make judgements quickly and efficiently, most of the time very functional

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Availability Heuristics

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basing a judgement on the ease with which you can bring it to mind, "Assertiveness test"-asked people to remember assertiveness (Schwaz et al 1991)

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Representative Heuristics

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"How similar is A to a typical task?" Often people under-use base rate information when something is very similar to our schema for a typical case

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Base Rate Information

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info about the relative frequency of members of different categories in the population

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Analytic Thinking

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focuses on individual differences, thinks in terms of self. used by Western Cultures

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Eastern Culture

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often looks at group thinking and the "whole picture" and the relationship between objects/people, used mostly in Eastern culture

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controlled thinking

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conscious, voluntary, intentional, high-effort, thinking that can be turned off and on, requires mental energy, much more powerful thought process

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counterfactual reasoning

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mentally changing the past as a way of imagining what might have been, Olympic Medal Study, results in rumination and dwelling on the past

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overconfidence barrier

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greater confidence than is warrented

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social perception

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the study of how we form impressions of other people and how we make inferences

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nonverbal communication

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can be intentional or unintentional, facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body positions and movement, use of touch, eye gaze, make first impressions very important

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facial expressions of emotion

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all humans encode emotions into facial expressions, all humans decode other's facial expressions

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the six emotions shows in facial expression

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anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, sadness, possibly contempt, pride, and shame. these emotions are first to appear in human development

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affect blends

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one part of the face registered one emotion and another part of the face registered another emotion

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display rules

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particular to each culture and dictate which emotions people are supposed to show

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emblems

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not universal, specific to a one country, other cultures may not understand

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implicit personality theory

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schema that consists of our ideas about what kind of personality traits go together, can be accurate but can also led us to misjudge people

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causal attribution

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we use the attribution theory and how we use it to infer the cause of other people's behavior

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Franz Heider's view

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people try to understand other people's behavior by piecing information together until they arrive at a reasonable explanation

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internal attribution

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an explanation that assigns cause of behavior internally

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external attribution

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an explanation that assigns cause of behavior externally

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Kelley's covariation model

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examining multiple instances of a situation, occuring at varying times and situations, in order a causal attribution---by examining multiple instances we can correctly identify the cause of a single instance

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consensus information

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how others behave toward the same stimuluts

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distinctiveness information

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how a specific person behaves towards the stimulus

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consistency information

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frequency with which the observed behavior occurs with the same stimulus across circumstances--if this is low, the attribution is always external

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Perceptual salience with the fundamental attribution error

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what we see and notice is at the forefront of our minds, more likely to attribute what we've been exposed to as the cause of a behavior, we are more likely to attribute people as the cause of behavior

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the two-step process of making attributions

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make an internal attribution (occurs very quickly)
consider the situation (external)
adjust the original judgement, but usually not enough

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self-serving attributions and defense attributions

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use internal attributions for positive self esteem, use external attributions for blame, distorting reality make excuses

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relational interdependence

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women focus on their close relationships

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collective interdependence

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men tend focus on their memberships in larger groups

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introspection

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"inside information" that you, and you alone have about your thoughts, feelings and actions, though reasons are often hidden from self-awareness

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self-awareness theory

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we evaluate and compare our current behavior to internal standards and values

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Reasons Generated Attitude Change

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pro/con list study
a) bring to mind reasons that they don't really reflect on
b) talk themselves into believing something

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self-perception theory

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when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior when the situation occurs, people judge whether their behavior reflects how they really feel or whether it was the situation

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intrinsic motivation

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desire to engage in an activity due to external rewards or pressures, not because of enjoyment

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extrinsic motivation

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desire to engage in an activity due to external reqards or pressures

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overjustification effect

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the people view behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic motivation, underestimating the intrinsic motivations

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task-contingent rewards

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people get them for completing a task

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performance contingent rewards

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people get them based on performance

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two-factor theory of emotion

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1) experience physiological arousal
2) seek an explanation for it

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fixed-mindset

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the idea that we have a set ability level that cannot change

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growth- mindset

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abilities have the malleable properties that can cultivate and grow

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social comparison theory

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we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing them to others, upward vs downwards

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social tuning

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the process by which people adopt another person's attitude, thought suppression and self control

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self-regulatory model

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evolutionary concept that states we make sure that we have plenty of energy when we control our actions

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impression management

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attempt to get others to see you the way you wish to be seen

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self-esteem

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evaluations of own self worth, extent to which they view themselves as good, decent, and competent

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terror management theory

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self-esteen serves as a buffer protecting people from thoughts of own mortality

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narcissism

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excess self love, lack of empathy towards others

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Anchoring and adjustment heuristics

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mental short out whereby people use a number or value as a starting point and then adjust from that answer (Harrill, Wilson, Nisbett 1980)

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Gilberts theory of automatic believing

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initial acceptance of information, assess truthful thinking, unaccept if necessary

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ironic processing

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thought suppression

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what interferes with controlled processing?

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time pressures, high cognitive load (distractions, tired)
Wegner, Erber, Bowman "Don't be sexist" study

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Stable attribution

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always true
I am smart

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unstable attribution

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could change
the test was easy

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global attribution

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applies to many areas of life

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specific attribution

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refers to only one thing

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the spotlight effect

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the belief that people are paying more attention to our appearance or behavior than they actually are

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misattribution of arousal

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giving a different stimulus than actually responsible for the justification of a physiological reaction
(suproxin study, scary bridge study)

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downward social comparison

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compared to someone doing worse in order to feel bettqer

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upwards social comparison

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compared to someone better in order to motivate ourselves

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false consensus/false uniqueness

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when we feel uneasy we overestimate how many others have been in the same situation, when we feel positive we underestimate the amount of people who have accomplished something

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ingratiation

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self preservation through trying to get in to a social group through flattery

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self-promotion

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self preservation through bragging, attempts to encourage respect or awe

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exemplification

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self preservation through trying to make people see how "good" you are, attempting to appear morally better

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supplication

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self preservation through getting others to want to take care of you, cutting yourself down in order to gain sympathy/attention, aware of this technique

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self handicapping

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when we are uncertain about the outcome of a situation, so in order to not take blame later, you make an excuse before event occurs to preserve self esteem

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high self monitor

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high impression management, friendships tend to be focused to certain situations

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low self monitors

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broad spectrum, friend groups mesh, acts the same in many to all situations