Social Psych Midterm I Studies

Front 1

Spotlight Effect Study

Back 1

-we think people are attending to our appearance and behavior more than they actually are, when actually people don't notice us as much as we think
-in a study, students had to wear embarrassing t-shirts, experimenters asked observes if they noticed the t-shirts, the people that actually notice the t-shirts was half the amt of what the people wearing the t-shirts estimated

Front 2

Culture & the Self Study

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-when different cultures were asked 7 Statements Test, American Undergrads used the most independent nouns and the least interdependent nouns, then nairobi undergrads, then nairobi workers, then Massai,

Front 3

Self Consistency Study

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-self consistency is how we think and behave across all different situations
-in a study, it showed that the ratio of positive to negative statements is higher for Americans than Japanese students, bit in Japan the ratio of positive to negative changes when the context changes, when Japanese students are alone they are more positive and less self-critical than when they are with others, thus internal consistencies are more common within individual societies and external consistencies are more common within collectivist societies

Front 4

Self Esteem in Asian Cultures Study

Back 4

-self esteem in Asians increases with their exposure to North American Culture

Front 5

Self Esteem Study

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-study surveyed canadians and japanese students, study told 1/2 the students they did good on it, told other 1/2 that they failed it
-the half that succeeded it responded in the following manner: when the Japanese students succeeded they stopped doing that task and went on to the new task, but Canadians wanted to keep doing the task that they had succeeded in
-the half that failed it responded in the following manner: the japanese students wanted to keep doing it until they succeeded and the canadian students did not want to do it anymore and wanted to move on to the other task they could actually succeed in

Front 6

Sociometer Hypothesis Study

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- a lot of your self esteem comes from how much you are included or excluded from society
-the study shows that a lot of your self-esteem comes from how much you are included or excluded from your society, because people that are included report higher self esteem than those that are excluded

Front 7

Sex Role Differences Study

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-throughout societies, studies show that women have more egalitarian views than men do, but there is not a single society with a completely egalitarian view, but in western societies people tend to think there are more sex differences than in other societies

Front 8

Minimal Information/ Snap Judgment Study

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-humans make fast snap judgments of traits, a study showed that people that were given 100ms to evaluate someone on trustworthiness were around the same percentage correct in their judgment (73%) as people given 1000ms (74%)

Front 9

Snap Judgment Duration Study

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-a quick snap judgment at the beginning of the year when first seeing TA's is highly correlated (more than 50%) with evaluations of end of the year performances

Front 10

Baby-Faced Overgeneralization Effect Study

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-surveys show that baby-faced defendants are likely to be rated by plaintiffs as less guilty and be given lighter sentences

Front 11

Study of Accuracy of Facial Structures and Actual Personality

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-there was a correlation between self-reported levels of introversion and extroversion, but no other big 5 relationships were established
-except for in top 10% of individuals in big 5 studies (so it appears that also only in the extreme ends when evaluating conscientousness and openness its true)

Front 12

Facial Masculinity Study

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-showed that men who were more masculine-looking were more likely to gamble
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Front 13

Pluralistic Ignorance Study

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-pluralistic ignorance (thinking that everyone else thinks its okay so no one speaks up) could be driving the hookup culture because a study showed that people voted for their peers as being more comfortable with hooking up then they themselves being comfortable with it

Front 14

Bad News Bias Study

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-study shows that angry faces get noticed more quickly than happy faces in a sea of neutral faces, which shows we are more likely to notice negative things

Front 15

Risk Aversion Study

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-study shows more people are likely to choose the certain choice that they are able to win $100 instead of one that they have 50% chance of winning 0 and 50% of winning 2000

Front 16

Loss Frame Vs Gain Frame Study

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- study pretends that all your class is facing a diseases outbreak that is going to kill everyone
-when the option is put in a positive frame, students are more likely to do risk aversion
-when the option is put in a negative frame, students are more likely to do risk seeking to get out of the losses
-This is why amateur stock traders usually buy high and sell low)

Front 17

Positive Fram Vs

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- people are more likely to go out with a guy that is 75% smarter/ hotter than the rest of the population than a guy that is uglier/dumber than 25% of the population

Front 18

Temporal Framing Study

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-studies show that people are more likely to be affected by a statistic that says that every day 1643 people in America succumb to heart diseases as compared to each year 57800 people in America succumb to heart disease
-in other study people think they are more likely to get mono when stats are presented in a daily manner as compared to a yearly manner

Front 19

Primacy Effect Study

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- whatever comes first is likely to make an impact/ influence whatever comes next
-study shows that when people were asked "are you happy with your life and how many dates have you been on in the past month", their was no correlation between the two answers, but when people were asked the other way around there was a stronger correlation bc the first answer affected the second answer

Front 20

Confirmation Bias Study

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- group A and group B were given a set of questions to determine whether the target was either an introvert or an extrovert, the people having to prove the person was an extrovert were more likely to choose extroverted-related questions, whereas the people having to prove the person was an introvert chose questions probing the person about introversion, making it easier to confirm they'd found what they were looking for

Front 21

Availability Heuristic Study

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-study shows that people are more likely to think that deaths by shark attacks are more common than deaths by falling airplane parts only because deaths by shark attacks are more publicized and therefore thought of as more common, whereas death by shark attacks are not. However, this is wrong bc its the other way around

Front 22

Endowment Effect Study with primates

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-capuchin monkeys show endowment effect for food items,
-chimpanzees show small endowment effect for food items but opposite effect for toys
-orangutans show no endowment effect
-across great ape species, endowment is shown for food and not tools
-this presents the possibility that maybe endowment effect was present in LCA of capuchins and humans

Front 23

Endowment Effect Study with Kadza

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-the Kadza traded with 2 types of biscuits and 2 types of knifes, one was random and one was not explicitly obviously random, hadza with low exposure to markets were more rational, Hadza with market experience had endowment effect
-study shows that there is no endowment effect in isolated hunter-gathers so maybe our ancestors didn't have the endowment effect
-shows that this isn't a human universal tendency

Front 24

Attribution Theory in Junior High Study

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-those boys who saw IQ as fixed displayed downward trajectory as compared to those who saw IQ as changeable
-this shows how perceived control over an outcome is an important factor influencing our judgments of others

Front 25

Attribution theory Biggest Loser Study

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-watching the biggest loser made watchers more likely to dislike overweight individuals because there is a stronger belief that weight is controllable

Front 26

Factors of the Covariation Principle and their definitions

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-Consensus: what most people think
-Distinctiveness: is the claim unique to this or is this made to everything?
-Consistency: different results or same results every time?

Front 27

Castro Study of the Fundamental Attribution Error

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-Most Americans don't like Castro, participants were assigned to read a pro-castro or anti-castro study, in one condition people were told that participants chose which essay to write (pro-castro or anti-castro), in other study participants were told that essay writers were assigned wether to write pro-castro or anti-castro essays.
results: within the group that had a choice people thought that people that had a choice were pro-castro, but even with people that didn't have a choice people STILL thought that the pro-castro people liked castro, which meant they were judged to still have that disposition of liking castro

Front 28

Jeopardy-Style Study of the Fundamental Attribution effect

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-observer AND contestant both thought that questioner is smarter than contestant even though they know its random, very situationally determined

Front 29

Alex Trebeck Effect

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-alex is often portrayed as a smart person although he just happens to be the host of jeopardy, not the maker of the questions

Front 30

Just World Hypothesis Study of Rape

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-those who read narratives of rape vs other ending viewed the rape ending as inevitable and blamed the victim

Front 31

Why do we have the fundamental attribution error?

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-people are more salient than situations

Front 32

Culture and Attribution Study

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-people in other countries rate the picutre with people in the background looking mad as more distressed the western participants, which means they attribute more to backgrounds and inter-relations
-westerners tend to make subjects bigger while East Asians are placed in background/content, so east asians are less likely to commit fundamental attribution error
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Front 33

Attitude test Study

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-please rate how much you liked the word juvalamu vs chacaka, people liked one word over the other even though they both don't mean anything, this shows that individuals automatically classify everything as good or bad

Front 34

Attitude and its 3 Underlying Elements

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-Affect: positive or negative emotions
-Cognition: knowledge & belief about a subject
-Behavior: approach or avoid

Front 35

Implicit Association Test Study of Attitudes

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-in the implicit association test, after being shown pictures of old people, people were more likely to recognize words relating to old people faster than words relating to young people
-the IAT measures ASSOCIATIONS, not ATTITUDES
-however, ASSOCIATIONS could lead to different ATTITUDES

Front 36

La Pierre Study of Attitudes Predicting behavior

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-La pierre went around with chinese couple when people were generally racist against them, study found that while most establishments accepted chinese customers, most said they wouldnt
-his conclusion was that it is considerably more likely that attitudes will be unrelated or only slightly related to behavior

Front 37

4 Main Way Attitudes are Formed?

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- mere exposure effect (the tendency for people to like things merely because they have been exposed to them before, why we like a certain angle of beyonce's face better than her other angle because thats the one we see the most)
- embodied cognition effect (the motor system influences our cognition, just as the mind influences bodily actions. For example, when participants hold a pencil in their teeth engaging the muscles of a smile, they comprehend pleasant sentences faster than unpleasant ones.it works in reverse: holding a pencil in their lips to engage the muscles of a frown increases the time it takes to comprehend pleasant sentences.
- conditioning (Classical and operant)
-Social learning

Front 38

Goetzinger Mere exposure Experiment

Back 38

- guy showed up to class every day wearing a black cape that covered his face, at first everyone thought it was weird, then people got really protective of him and he got really popular

Front 39

Embodied Condition In-class experiment

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when people are holding a pencil in their mouth in a way that makes them smile they are more likely to find a joke funny than the people that are holding a pencil in a way that makes them frown

Front 40

Embodied Attitudes Study

Back 40

- in a role-reversal speed-dating experiment, the person doing the approaching is less selective than the person doing the person being approached, even when it is a woman approaching a man

Front 41

Embodied Attitudes Study of Power Poses

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-when people hold power poses, they give out more testosterone, have lower cortisol levels, and are more likely to be hired than people with powerless poses, which have less testosterone, higher cortisol
-people with power poses are more likely to be hired

Front 42

Effort Justification Study about Cognitive Dissonance

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-people were told to lie and they were either offered $20 or $1, the people given $1 regarded the task more interesting than the people given $@) because they had to change their attitudes to justify their behavior

Front 43

Difference between Stereotypes, Prejudice, & Discrimination

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-Stereotypes: beliefs that certain attributes are characteristic of members of particular groups
-Prejudices: a negative attitude or affective response toward a certain group and its individual members
-Discrimination: unfair treatment of members of a particular group based on their membership of that group

Front 44

Priming Study

Back 44

-people were shown the word butter before being quickly shown a set of words, they recognized the words having to do with butter a lot quicker than the other words

Front 45

What are the 3 Perspectives used when making stereotypes?

Back 45

-economic perspective
-cognitive perspective
-motivational perspective

Front 46

Distinctive-Based Illusory Correlation Study

Back 46

- Group A had twice the amount of people as group B, and proportionately they both did the same amount of good deeds
-participants were told that John went to go visit his friend in the hospital (good deed) and they were asked who did they think the good deed belonged to, most people said it belonged to group A even though BOTH GROUPS had the exact SAME percentage of doing good
-this shows how likely people are to discriminate against minorities

Front 47

Automatic Activation of Stereotypes Study

Back 47

- a study showed pictures of guns and tools, more people thought black people had guns and white people had tools

Front 48

Stereotype Threat Study

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-students were given a test, half of them were told the test assesses intellectual activity, the other half were told that it was not diagnostic of intellectual activity, for the ones that were told it did the black students underperformed but the white students were not affected
-also, some were told to mark their race before the test and some were not, for the ones that were the black students did a lot worse than the ones that weren't