Social Psych Final

Front 1

Reification error

Back 1

Treating abstract concepts as concrete objects

Front 2

demand characteristics

Back 2

participants form an interpretation of the experiment's purpose and unconsciously change their behavior to fit that interpretation
Clever Hans: claimed to be able to count but was actually responding to trainer’s involuntary cues

Front 3

how psychology is different than philosophy

Back 3

Scientific method and statistical methods

Front 4

Agent self, public self, and self knowledge

Back 4

Agent self: Exec function

Public self: allows for social connection to others

Self-knowledge: self awareness, self esteem and self deception; allows someone to gather information about themselves & their beliefs

Front 5

three motivations of self-knowledge

Back 5

Appraisal, self-enhancement, & consistency

–Which is the weakest? Appraisal Strongest? Self enhancement

Front 6

self-deception strategies

Back 6

mental tricks people use to convince themselves of things that are false; dismiss failures/bad feedback

Front 7

social comparisons

Back 7

individuals evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to others in order to reduce uncertainty in these domains, and learn how to define the self; as a way of self-enhancement

Front 8

Terror management theory

Back 8

self-esteem is used as a buffer for people to help them cope with anxiety
Reduce feeling of impending death through cultural values: a meaningful life and an eternal afterlife

Front 9

social cognition

Back 9

how people form inferences from social information in the envionment and use the info to categorize & understand the world we live in

Front 10

Fundamental attribution error

Back 10

self-esteem is used as a buffer for people to help them cope with anxiety; it is a coping mechanism set in place to help control their terror, along with realizing that humans are animals just trying to manage the universe around them

Front 11

Representativeness

Back 11

when people use categories (ex/ deciding is a person is a critical). High representativeness for a category if they are very similar to a prototype of that category; base rate fallacy

Front 12

Availability

Back 12

Ease with which a particular idea can be brought to mind; estimate how likely or frequent an event is on the basis of it’s availability

Front 13

anchoring and adjustment

Back 13

when people estimate a number. Starting from a readily available number and shifting either up or down to reach an answer that seems plausible; in T&K, people did not shift far enough away from the anchor

Front 14

outgroup homogeneity effect

Back 14

perception of outgroup members as more similar to one another than in-group members; recognizing people in your group are different from you but painting members of an outgroup as all the same

Front 15

Why does prejudice exist?

Back 15

Realistic conflict theory: Perception of conflicted goals and competition over limited resources; you want your group to do better than others’

Contact hypothesis: Allport. Ignorance of other people leads to prejudice. One of the most effective ways to reduce prejudice- if one has opportunity to communicate with others, they are able to understand and appreciate different points of views involving their way of life; as a result of new appreciation and understanding, discrimination/prejudice should diminish

Rationalization for oppression

Cognitive shortcut
To boost self esteem

Front 16

framing effect and weight loss

Back 16

ehrlinger. goal focused vs accomplishment focused. goal focused = lost more

Front 17

Self-Determination theory:

Back 17

focuses on the degree to which an individual’s behavior is self-motivated and self-determined

Front 18

two types of social influence

Back 18

Normative: we want to fit in; we want to be liked publicly
Informational: if other people are doing it, it’s right (public conformity & private acceptance)

Front 19

Miller & Maner

Back 19

Behavioral mimicry: Chameleon effect! Appears when subject wants the other person to like them
Function?: Mating; being impressive (affiliation)

Front 20

Sherif study that looked at the autokinetic effect

Back 20

Informational influence; how do people come to consensus

Front 21

emotions, mood, and affect

Back 21

Which one is linked to a specific event? Emotion (evaluative reaction)

Which one is an automatic reaction? Affect (to stimulus)
Mood: state not linked to stimulus

Front 22

theories of emotion

Back 22

James-Lange: Interpretation of our physiological arousal leads to the conscious awareness of our emotions
Cannon-Bard: Emotions are the result of us simultaneously experiencing a bodily and emotional reaction
Schacter and Singer: Undifferentiated physio arousal & attribution

Front 23

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Back 23

Ideal level of arousal for peak performance varies depending on difficulty of a task

What is the ideal level of arousal for simple vs. complex tasks

Lower arousal level for ideal performance on a complex task
Higher arousal for a simple task

Front 24

The Bystander effect

Back 24

As the number of people increases helping goes down (assuming no one is helping)

Front 25

Diffusion of responsibility

Back 25

The reduced feelings of responsibility when others are present

Front 26

the prisoner’s dilemma

Back 26

two entities could gain important benefits from cooperating or suffer from the failure to do so, but find it merely difficult or expensive, not necessarily impossible, to coordinate their activities to achieve cooperation

Front 27

two ingredients to social belongingness

Back 27

Stable relationship with mutual concern
◦Regular social contact

Front 28

what is beautiful is good effect

Back 28

Physically attractive people are assumed to be superior in intelligence, popularity, and successful

Front 29

Matching hypothesis

Back 29

We tend to form relationships with others who are similar in attractiveness

Front 30

aggression

Back 30

behavior, or a disposition, that is forceful, hostile or attacking. It may occur either in retaliation or without provocation

Front 31

different theories of aggression

Back 31

Psychodynamic
Sociobiological (Hydraulic & Social learning)

Front 32

Hydraulic

Back 32

More frustration one has, the more aggressive one becomes; aggression can only be discharged through outlets such as sports & competitions

Front 33

more or less physically violent since the 17th century

Back 33

Less

Front 34

before 10,000 years ago

Back 34

Pinker: Violent the whole time
Douglas Fry: Was peaceful then

Front 35

direct vs. indirect aggression

Back 35

Males favor direct; females favor indirect
◦Megan Meier: indirect aggression from neighbors via cyberbullying; suicide

Front 36

proactive (instrumental) vs. reactive (emotional) aggression

Back 36

Proactive: predatory and calculated; obtain rewards or impose will
Reactive: fear based and emotional in nature, impulsive

Front 37

inner influences on aggression

Back 37

Stress, pain, goal frustration, and bad mood

Front 38

external influences on aggression

Back 38

The weapon effect

◦Crowding

◦Mass media

◦High temperatures

◦Alcohol

Front 39

How does alcohol affect aggression?

Back 39

–Reduced inhibition

–Reduced self awareness
–Alcohol myopia: can only read salient cues; what’s right in front

Front 40

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Back 40

Originally stated frustration > aggression always

◦Does frustration always lead to aggression?

No, and things other than frustration lead to aggression

Front 41

displaced aggression

Back 41

Know about Robert Sapolsky’s work with baboons showing the difference between dominant and non-dominant animals, which ones are more likely to displace aggression?
Non dominant more likely to displace (on someone lower in hierarchy)

Front 42

Know about how groups affect

Back 42

Decision making, groupthink

creativity,

conformity, and

performance (faciliation and loafing)
◦Diverse groups and creativity

Front 43

Social facilitation & Social loafing

Back 43

Social facilitation:

–Evaluative apprehension: having an evaluative audience improves/affects performance

–Dominant response: Having an audience enhances the likelihood of the dominant response (ie, having mastered a task vs being a novice)

Well mastered task: improved performance
Novice: decreased performance

Front 44

Role differentiation

Back 44

Groups allow for role differentiation; people can specialize in diff things in a group, in society

Front 45

Norman Triplett

Back 45

(cycling study)
People worked harder when cycling against others

Front 46

Gordon Allport

Back 46

(coined the term social facilitation)

Front 47

Max Ringelmann

Back 47

The more men pulling on a rope, the less power exerted per individual

(guys pulling on a rope)
Social loafing could be due to coordination loss & motivation loss (mostly motivation loss)

Front 48

Latane’ experiment on social loafing

Back 48

(cheering and clapping)

Front 49

E.O. Wilson and Group selection

Back 49

Darwin: moral men might not do any better than immoral men but tribes of moral men would certainly “have an immense advantage” over fractious bands of pirates
Multilevel selection theory: individual selection and group selection proceed together (with kin selection a continuing bit player); selection constantly takes place on multiple levels simultaneously

Front 50

Know about eusocial animals

Back 50

Animals that live in groups, cooperate to care for juveniles, reproductive division of labor, and generations overlap