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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Influance
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A change in overt behavior caused by the real or imagined presence of other people
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Conformity
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changing ones behavior in response to the "perceived expectations" of others
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Conformity is not...
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just imitating others
due to overt pressure |
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Why is the social situation the strongest influence on behavior?
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Generally, it is a desire to conform.
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Why do attitudes not have a strong effect on behavior?
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Generally, it is a desire to conform.
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Compliance
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changing our behavior in response to a "direct request" from another person.
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Door in the face
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Start with a huge request that will be refused then make actual request.
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Obedience
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changing your behavior in response to a "direct command" from another.
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DIfferent views between Individualistic and Collectivist
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Individualist value non conformity and Collectivist value conformity, but generally conformity is necessary for a society to function
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Social Mechanisms
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ways for cultures to ensure conformity to norms
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Types of Social Mechanisms
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Injunctive Norms (laws)
Descriptive Norms (mores) |
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Embarrassment
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One of societies most powerful weapon to ensure conformity.
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Sherif s (1937) ambiguous situation
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Subjects in dark room are alone and told to estimate how far a point of light moves in 2 seconds. For three days, asked to repeat the process with three other people. The estimates began to converge. Yet, the light never moved.
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Asch's (1956) nonambiguous situation
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Subjects compare the length of a target line to 3 comparison lines. 98% success rate when done by themselves. Asked to repeat the process with six other people. After the first two trials, they all repeatedly gave the wrong answer.
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Phillips Media Effects Studies
Suicide Contagient |
The suicide of a famous person or famous character leads to an increase in suicide rate. (Perceived Similarity)
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Factors that affect Conformity
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Social Support
Cohesion and Status of the group Making a Public Response Group size up to Five |
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Social Support
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Unanimous groups get the most conformity
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Minority Influence
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seeing another person go against the group makes it easier for other to do the same.
"Sense of Permission" |
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Cohession and status of the group
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when people feel attachment tot he group conformity increases
high status groups get more conformity |
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Making a public response
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conformity is strongest when others are aware of yoru response
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Normative Social Influence
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People conform in order to be accepted by others.
People conform to avoid rejection. |
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Informational social influence
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The behavior of others gives us information on how to act when we're not sure of what to do. (Strongest conformity occurs in ambiguous situations)
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Groups allow us to:
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Accomplish tasks quickly and efficiently (division of labor)
Make the best decisions possible (hear more information) |
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Groups can make descions as good as experts unless..
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social influence factors get in the way
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The Effects of minimal group situations
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Just being in the presence of other people (not interacting)
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Effects of performance of tasks
Triplett study |
found bicycle racers went faster when competing with others than when alone
same result found with children winding string on fishing reels |
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Social Facilitation
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the presence of other people improves performance on tasks
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Social Inhibition
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sometimes the presence of other people decreases performance on tasks
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Difference between Facilitation and Inhibition
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Nature of tasks
Facilitation occurs with easy tasks Inhibition occurs with difficult tasks |
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Response facilitation Theory
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The effect of arousal on performance
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Arousal
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Reticular Activating System
Autonomic Nervous System which is activated by the amount of stimuli that is processed |
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Dominant Responses
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The response that has had the strongest reinforcement
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Easy tasks (RFT)
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the dominant response is doing the task correctly
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Difficult tasks (RFT)
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the dominant response is doing the task wrong
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Sources of Social Arousal
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Evaluation Apprehension
Distraction Presence |
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Evaluation Apprehension
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Worrying about how others will evaluate us (embarassment)
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Distraction
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Cognitive conflict between attending to performance and thinking about social presentation. (How do I look while i do this?)
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Presence
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Just the presence of other members of our own species can cause arousal, even roaches.
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Influences on accomplishing tasks (Anonymous)
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The feeling of anonymous in groups. others arent aware of them or their actions.
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Influences of Accomplishing tasks (Diffusion of responsibility)
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Individuals lose any sense of personal responsibility for anything that happens while in the group. (Mob Mentality)
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Social Loafing
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when working in groups, people generally put out less individual effort. (80% work output) Occurs when individual contributions cant be identified.
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Free Riders
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Non contributers to a group but gain same benefits.
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Deindivduation
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Lose sense of identity when extreme arousal is combined with sense of anonymity. (Riots, sports event streaking)
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Study about Enhanced Anonymity
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females who were given a chance to deliver electric shock to person had degraded them, those who were hidden IN KKK had more aggression than controls. Those in nurse uniforms delivered less shock than controls.
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Deindividuation makes us more...
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susceptible to social cues.
our feelings and behavior are affected by the mood of the crowd. |
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Group Polarization
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group discussion tends to atrengthen peoples initial beliefs. instead of changing our minds, group discussion convinces ourselves we are right to begin with.
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Informational Social Influence
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we're influenced by others if we're unsure of our postion.
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Normative Social Influence
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at the beginning of a discussion, we're often not sure of others positions
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COnfirmation Bias (groups)
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We're not objective when hearing information.
We ignore or discount any information that suggests we're wrong. |
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Need for consistency
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We want our behavior to be consistent with our beliefs
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Public Statement
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we will automatically want to justify what we believe.
Then our beliefs get stronger. |
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Discussions between people with similar beliefs can...
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...lead to extreme attitudes and decisions.
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Discussion between opposing groups can...
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...cause their differences to get greater over time.
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Groupthink (Negative outcomes)
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social situations can cause groups to make exceptionally bad decisions occurs when group obsess over maintaining group harmony.
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Groupthink (qualities)
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High status and cohesiveness
High stress HIghly directive leader Structural and procedural faults |
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Groupthink (symptoms)
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Overestimation of groups abilities (invulnerability)
Unquestionablity in morality Majority agrees with group Negative view of opposing groups (Prejudice) |
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Groupthink leads to...
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a flawed decision making process
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Conformity pressure
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Self Censorship of any opposing beliefs.
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Mind Guards (GroupThink)
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Self appointed people who suppress any dissent. (Don't rock the boat!!)
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Illusion of unanimity
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Never hearing opposing opinions leads members to believe everyone agrees. Hard to go against a unanimous group.
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Encourage (Groupthink Prevention)
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Enourage doubt and dissenting opinions.
establish system to challenge all group decisions. consider any possible negative outcomes of decision. develop contingency plans if decision turns out to be wrong. |
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Minority Influence
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group think shows the importance of speaking out when you think the group is wrong.
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Altruistic Helping
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we help people because it is the right thing to do.
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social responsibility Norm
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we should always help others in need.
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social justice norm
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we should help people who deserve help.
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Kitty Genovese case
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woman attacked for 35 minutes in front of her apartment building. nobody helped.
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Why dont people help when people are in need?
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we seem to look for reason to relive any normative obligation to help.(cost versus reward mentality)
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Egoistic Helping
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helping only for selfish gains
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bystander effect
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in an emergency, people are less likely to help if there are lots of people around. (passing responsibility)
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bystander intervention model
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if someone needs help, the presence of other people creates three barriers that mus be overcome before any individual will offer help.
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Intervention Model (3 Barriers)
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Noticing the person is in need of help.
Interpreting the situation as one requiring help Taking personal responsibility |
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Good sameritan study
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seminary student asked to give sermon to be taped
some told there was no rush (67% stoped to help) others told they were already late (10% stopped to help) |
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informational social influence
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we look to see how others are responding
if no one is helping then it must not be a problem |
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attribution for problem
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more help if victim is not seen as being responsible for problem.
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perceived dependency
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people dispositionally needing help will get more help than average adults.
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it's none of my business
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a woman was staged to be attacked. when the woman said she didnt know the attacker 65% of the people helped.
if the woman said it was a domestic problem or she knew the person 19% intervened. |
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diffusion of responsibility
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people tend to assume that someone will help
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modeling (helping)
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seeing others help increased helping
example of minority influence |
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perceived similarity (helping)
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increases helping
we will tend to help asu students more than nau students in same situation |
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evaluation of helping people
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the cost vs reward
if the rewards are seen as being greater than the cost the person will help if cost is great people wont. |
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costs of helping
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takes time and effort
potential danger (example blood phobia) Fear of embarrassment (fear the victim isnt in need) Might get clothes dirty |
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Rewards of Helping
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social approval
enhanced self esteem indebtedness reduction of aversive arousal |
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negative state relief model
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help in order to increase or maintain good feelings. being in a good mood increases chance.
sadness and guilt also increase helping. |
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arousal cost reward model
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seeing others in distress causes you to feel negative emotions and arousal
Helping can decrease these feelings of negativity. |
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Empathy altruism hypothesis
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perceived similarity or attachment to victim can lead to empathic concern
this concern can lead to true altruism (helping is only motivated in concern for victim) |
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true altruism
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helping is motivated only by concern for the victim
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