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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Prosocial Behavior
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Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person
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Altruism
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The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
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Kin Selection
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The idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
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Norm of Reciprocity
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The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
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Empathy
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The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions (e.g. joy and sadness) the way that person experiences them
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Empathy-Altruism Hypothesis
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The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons
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Altruistic Personality
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The qualities that cause an individual to help others in a wide variety of situations
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In-Group
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The group with which an individual identifies
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Out-Group
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Any group with which an individual does not identify
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Urban Overload Hypothesis
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The theory that people living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
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Bystander Effect
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The finding that the greater number of people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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The phenomenon whereby each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases
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Aggression
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Intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person
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Hostile Aggression
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Aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
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Instrumental Aggression
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Aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
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Eros
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The instinct toward life, posited by Freud
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Thanatos
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According to Freud, an instinctual drive toward death, leading to aggressive actions
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Amygdala
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An area in the core of the brain that is associated with aggressive behaviors
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Serotonin
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A chemical in the brain that may inhibit aggressive impulses
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Testosterone
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A hormone associated with aggression
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Frustration-Aggression Theory
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The idea that the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal--increases the probability of an aggressive response
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Aggressive Stimulus
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An object that is associated with aggressive responses (e.g. a gun) and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression
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Social Learning Theory
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The idea that we learn social behavior (e.g., aggression) by observing others and imitating them
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Scripts
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Ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture
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Catharsis
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The notion that "blowing off steam"--by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression--relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior
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Prejudice
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A hostile or negative attitude towards a distinguishing group of people, based solely on their membership of the group
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Stereotype
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A generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members
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Discrimination
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Unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because of his or her membership in that group
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Out-Group Homogeneity
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The perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are
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Ultimate Attribution Error
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The tendency to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people
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Stereotype Threat
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The apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
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Blaming the Victim
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The tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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The case whereby people (1) have an expectation about what another person is like, which (2) influences how they act toward that person, which (3) causes that person to behave in a way consistent with people's original expectations
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Realistic Conflict Theory
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The idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and result in increased prejudice and discrimination
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Scapegoating
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The tendency for individuals, when frustrated or unhappy, to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless
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Institutionalized Racism
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Racist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
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Institutionalized Sexism
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Sexist attitudes that are held by the vast majority of people living in a society where stereotypes and discrimination are the norm
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Normative Conformity
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The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance
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Modern Racism
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Outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes
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Mutual Interdependence
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The situation that exists when two or more groups need each other and must depend on each other to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them
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Jigsaw Classroom
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A classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, desegregated groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material and do well in the class
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Propinquity Effect
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The finding that the more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
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Mere Exposure Effect
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The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it
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Social Exchange Theory
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The idea that people's feelings about a relationship depend on their perceptions of the rewards and costs of the relationship, the kind of relationship they deserve, and their chances for having a better relationship with someone else
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Comparison Level
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People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they are likely to receive in a particular relationship
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Comparison Level for Alternatives
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People's expectations about the level of rewards and punishments they would receive in another relationship
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Equity Theory
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The idea that people are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and the contributions made by both parties are roughly equal
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Companionate Love
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The intimacy and affection we feel when we care deeply for a person but do not experience passion or arousal in the person's presence
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Passionate Love
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An intense longing we feel for a person, accompanied by physiological arousal; when our love is reciprocated, we feel great fulfillment and ecstasy, but when it is not, we feel sadness and despair
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Evolutionary Approach to Love
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A theory that holds that men and women are attracted to different characteristics in each other (men are attracted by women's appearance; women are attracted by men's rescources) because this maximizes their chances of reproductive success
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Evolutionary Psychology
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The attempt to explain social behaviors in terms of genetic factors that evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection
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Attachment Styles
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The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
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Secure Attachment Style
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An attachment style characterized by trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well liked
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Avoidant Attachment Style
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An attachment style characterized by a suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed; people with this style find it difficult to develop intimate relationships
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Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
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An attachment style characteized by a concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
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Investment Model
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The theory that people's commitment to a relationship depends not only on their satisfaction with the relationship in terms of rewards, costs, and comparison level and their comparison level for alternatives but also on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it
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Exchange Relationships
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Relationships governed by the need for equity (I.e., for an equal ratio of rewards and costs)
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Communal Relationships
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Relationships in which people's primary concern is being responsive to the other person's needs
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Relative Deprivation
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The perception that you (or your group) have less than you deserve, less than what you have been led to expect, or less than what people similar to you have
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Illusory Correlation
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The tendency to see relationships between events that are actually unrelated
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