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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Social Psychology
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scientific study of how individuals THINK, FEEL, and BEHAVE in their PERCEIVED social context
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Interactionist Perspective
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we are interested in how individuals interact rather than macro-level forces
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Social Perception
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look, interpret, judge, and predict our social world
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Inferences
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Social Position and Individual Differences
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Social Position
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where in hierarchy...gender, age, race, religion, social class
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Raw Data of social perception
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people, situations, and behavior
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Social perception of...
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person perception
group perception - stereotypes situation - scripts objects - attitudes you - self perception |
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Types of cues
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Behavioral
Verbal Non-verbal |
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Scripts
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schemas for social events
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Stereotype
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schema for groups
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Attitudes
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schemas for objects
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Where do cues come from?
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biological (babies)
learned (change over time) |
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Levine's Formula
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B= f(P,E)
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Correspondent Inference Theory
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people try to infer from an action whether the act itself corresponds to an enduring personal characteristic of the actor; is the cue part of the person or part of the person's conformity?
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What type of behavior forms cues?
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verbal
physical nonverbal |
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non-verbal behavior
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appearance
face body voice |
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Is perception from cues accurate?
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fairly accurate, some are better than others
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Implicit Personality Theory
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all inferences are connected in huge network in our head; a network of assumptions people makes about traits and behaviors
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Schema
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cognitive frameworks
- organized - expert - disorganized - doesn't know |
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You can use schemas for...
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objects, yourself, situations, and groups
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Prototype
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visual image; allows instant recognition
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Situation schemas
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follow appropriate script
(time element, unlike in other schemas) |
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Advantages of schemas
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quick, help us remember, variety, allow us to interact
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Disadvantages of schemas
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only see schema,label
interpret everything, deceptive, favorite schemas,priming |
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Priming
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if you have a schema used recently you're more likely to use it next time you hit something
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Judgment
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schema with positive or negative values
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Weighted average model
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some traits are weighted more than others, all are averaged together
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Primacy
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original information is always weighted more than later information
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Info we gather____ is better than info we gather _____.
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ourselves, from others
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Which is more significant when judging - positive or negative data?
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negative
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Stereotypes
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group schema (+,-, neutral)
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Units of stereotypes
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how we stereotype;
proximity, similarity, homogeneity, implied contrast |
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Proximity
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spatial grouping
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Similarity
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similar traits
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Homogeneity
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ignore minor variations
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Implied contrast
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if one group exists other different group must exist
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Illusory correlation
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a tendency for people to overestimate the link between variables that are slightly or not at all correlated; happened once but so distinct we wash out actual data
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Problems with stereotyping
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mislabeling
incorrect schema |
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Mislabeling
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prototype
representative fallacy |
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Bogus pipeline
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fake lie detector
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Implicit Association Test
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asks questions to see your stereotypes; studies reaction time for mismatches
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Cognitive overload
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so many objects in your head- tend to stereotype more
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Self schemas
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you have to be self aware, develop over time
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Characteristics of self schemas
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self perception
reflected appraisal |
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Self perception
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"you know who you are by watching yourself"
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Reflected appraisal
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"you know who you are because people have told you"
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MUM effect
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as you get older people are less likely to tel you what you're doing wrong - you lose feedback
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Issue of distinctiveness
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people are more likely to respond to characteristics that are unique; that is what is perceived back
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Self reference effect
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things that are relevant to the self and more likely to be remembered and remembered correctly
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False consensus effect
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under uncertainty assume it is the same as your schema
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Self organization
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material
social personality |
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Material
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body and possessions
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Social
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interpersonal self
collective social self social roles |
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Personality
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general tendencies in behavior that I see over long period of time and many social situations
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Social Roles
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positions you play - ex. mother, friend
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Role conflict
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overlap of roles; expectations in the roles don't match
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Self esteem
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judgment of self; have a standard and compare ourself to it
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Ideal self
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positive - who you'd like to be
negative - who you'd not like to be |
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Self Consciousness Scale
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internal and external self esteem; public vs. private self conscious
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Private self conscious
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introspective
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Public self consciousness
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care more about what other people think about you/what they see
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Rosenburg self esteem scale
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way to measure self esteem; measures global self esteem
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Things that make you self conscious:
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video camera, mirror, public speaking, interview, date....more self awareness
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Self fulfilling prophecy
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1. Perceiver's expectations
2. Perceiver's behavior towards target 3. Target's behavior |
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Internal standard
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actual
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External standard
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sociometer
passive active |
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Sociometer
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what I think others think
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Passive
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comparison of myself vs. others
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Active
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compare myself to similar people
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Motivation
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affects self esteem
1. self enhancement 2. self verification 3. terror management |
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Self enhancement
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You want to think good things about yourself; you will manipulate yourself to feel good about yourself
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Self verification
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We want people to see us as you think you are
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Terror management theory
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avoidance of death; preservation of life;
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Basking in reflected glory
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use other people's successes to make themselves feel better
(ex. sports team wins wear logos) |
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Self-esteem maintenance theory
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be careful with finding people too close to you it could become a social comparison
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Adjust standard
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I can pick it so it makes me look good
(ex. obese people don't compare themselves to supermodels) |
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Downward social comparison
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select a group doing worse than you so you can feel better
(ex. breast cancer survivors - compare to those who have suffered more) |
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Upward social comparison
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select group doing better than you; makes you feel worse but helps you improve
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Effect of the self concept on behavior
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cybermetic/thermostatal/tote model
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Rumination
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can't hit standard, can't exit--think about process, schema becomes more elaborate, worse you feel.
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Ways to quit rumination/Get out of tote process
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distraction
compensate self presentation self monitoring |
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Self monitor
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watch people outside and use them as standard
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High self monitor
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want to make other people happy; unstable presentation
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Stereotype threat
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negative stereotype impact;
people live up to stereotype; |
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Choking
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too self aware, can't perform
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Attribution
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the study of "why?"
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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the tendency to go with internal attribution for other people
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Reasons for FAE
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perceptual
informational motivational cultural |
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Hedonic relevance
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the more I'm impacted by the results the more likely I am to go internal
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Self Attribution
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FAE doesnt work; can't see ourselves
-perceptual -informational -motivational |
