Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Social Influence
|
The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
|
|
|
Social Psychology
|
The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people
|
|
|
Construal
|
The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world
|
|
|
Individual Differences
|
The aspects of people's personalities that make them different from other people
|
|
|
Fundamental Attribution Error
|
The tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors, and to underestimate the role of situational factors
|
|
|
Behaviorism
|
A school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior, one need only consider the reinforcing properties of the environment--that is, how positive and negative events in the environment are associated with specific behaviors
|
|
|
Gestalt Psychology
|
A school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object
|
|
|
Self-esteem
|
People's evaluations of their own self-worth--that is, the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent
|
|
|
Social Cognition
|
How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
|
|
|
Automatic Thinking
|
Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
|
|
|
Schemas
|
Mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
|
|
|
Accessibility
|
The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world
|
|
|
Priming
|
The process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept
|
|
|
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
|
The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's expectations, making the expectations come true
|
|
|
Judgmental Heuristics
|
Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently
|
|
|
Availability Heuristic
|
A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring something to mind
|
|
|
Representative Heuristic
|
A mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
|
|
|
Base Rate Information
|
Information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population
|
|
|
Analytic Thinking Style
|
A style of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surrounding context; this type of thinking is common in Western cultures
|
|
|
Holistic Thinking Style
|
A type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particularly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures (e.g., China, Japan, and Korea)
|
|
|
Controlled Thinking
|
Thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful
|
|
|
Counterfactual Thinking
|
Mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
|
|
|
Thought suppression
|
The attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget
|
|
|
Overconfidence Barrier
|
The fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments
|
|
|
Social Perception
|
The study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people
|
|
|
Nonverbal Communication
|
The way in which people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally, without words; includes facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze
|
|
|
Encode
|
To express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back
|
|
|
Decode
|
To interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people express, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness
|
|
|
Affect blend
|
A facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion
|
|
|
Display rules
|
Culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to express
|
|
|
Emblems
|
Nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations, such as the "OK" sign
|
|
|
Implicit Personality Theory
|
A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together for example, many people believe someone who is kind is generous as well
|
|
|
Attribution Theory
|
A description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior
|
|
|
Internal Attribution
|
The inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality
|
|
|
External Attribution
|
The inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation
|
|
|
Covariation Model- Kelley's Cube
|
A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs
Consensus-Distinctiveness-Consistency |
|
|
Consensus Information
|
Information about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does
|
|
|
Distinctiveness Information
|
Information about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli
|
|
|
Consistency Information
|
Information about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances
|
|
|
Correspondence Bias
|
The tendency to infer that people's behavior relates to (matches) their disposition (personality)
|
|
|
Perceptual Salience
|
The seeming importance of information that is the focus of people's attention
|
|
|
Two-Step Process of Attribution
|
Analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution
|
|
|
Actor/Observer Differences
|
The tendency to see other people's behavior as dispositionally caused but focusing more on the role of situational factors when explaining one's own behavior
|
|
|
Self-Serving Attributions
|
Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors
|
|
|
Defensive Attributions
|
Explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality
|
|
|
"Belief in a Just World"
|
A form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people
|
|
|
Egoism
|
The assumption that all behavior is based on gaining power
|
|
|
Hedonism
|
The assumption that all social behavior is based on gaining pleasure or reward
|
|
|
Egoism and Hedonism
|
The two assumptions made about the basis of social behavior
|
|
|
Weiner's Model
|
Attribution theory related to giving out rewards and predicting performance
Locus-Stability-Control |
|
|
Discounting
|
Attribution theory related to the fact that we often ignore the disposition, the internal characteristics
|
|
|
Correspondent Inferences
|
The theory that we pay attention to unique behaviors because they tell us more information
Ex: Behavior that is low is social desirability or Behavior that produces non-common effects |
|
|
Anchoring and Adjustment
|
When we look to other people, examples, estimates, or decisions and change our own so it fits
|
|
|
Lewin's Field Theory
|
B=f(P,E)
Behavior is a function of (Person, Environment) |
