Social Psych Chap 6

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is defined as the influence of other people on our everyday thoughts, feelings, and behavior.

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Social Influence

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lead individuals, sometimes against their will, to adopt and adhere to the opinions of others.

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Social Influence

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The outcome of social influence

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Conformity

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which refers to the change in beliefs, opinions, and behaviors as a result of our perceptions about what people believe or do.

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Conformity

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is the ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals.

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Leadership

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is determined by the person-situation interaction, and although the situation is extremely powerful, different people are more or less likely to conform.

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Conformity

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is the change in opinions or behavior that occur when we conform to people who we believe have accurate information.

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Informational Social Influence

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the process of comparing our opinions with those of others to gain an accurate appraisal of the validity of an opinion or behavior.

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Social Comparison

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The result of conformity due to informational social influence is normally __________

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Private Acceptance

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Conforming to Be Accurate

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Informational Social Influence

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Conforming to Be Liked and to Avoid Rejection

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Normative Social Influence

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when we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be accepted or that keeps us from being isolated or rejected by others.

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Normative Social Influece

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socially accepted beliefs about what we do or should do in particular social contexts.

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Social Norms

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is a superficial change in behavior (including the public expression of opinion) that is not accompanied by an actual change in one’s opinion.

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Public Compliance

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Conforming to the Group

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Majority Influence

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occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail.

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Majority Influences

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occurs when the beliefs held by the smaller number of individuals in the current social group prevail.

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Minority Influences

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used a perceptual phenomenon known as the autokinetic effect to study the outcomes of conformity on the development of group norms.

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Muzafer Sherif

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is caused by rapid, small movements of our eyes as we view objects and that allow us to focus on stimuli in our environment.

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Autokinetic Effect

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Resisting Group Pressure

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Minority Influence

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Although more unusual, there are nevertheless cases in which a smaller number of individuals are able to influence the opinions or behaviors of the group- this is ________

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Minority Influences

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The French social psychologist ___________ was particularly interested in the situations under which minority influence might occur.

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Serge Moscovici

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he argued that all members of the groups are able, at least in some degree, to influence others, regardless of whether they are in the majority or in the minority.

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Serge Moscovici

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As the number of people in the majority increases relative to the number of persons in the minority, pressure on the minority to conform also increases.

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Size of the Majority

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Conformity that occurs when we express opinions or behave in ways that help us to be accepted or that keep us from being isolated or rejected by others.

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Normative Social Influence

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The change in opinions or behavior that occurs when we conform to people who we believe have accurate information.

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Informational Social Influence

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The increase in the amount of conformity that is produced by adding new members to the majority group

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Social Impact

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the ability of a person to create conformity even when the people being influenced may attempt to resist those changes

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Social Power

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a psychologist at Yale University.

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Milgram

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was interested in understanding the factors that lead people to obey the orders given by people in authority.

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Milgram

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He designed a study in which he could observe the extent to which a person who presented himself as an authority would be able to produce obedience, even to the extent of leading people to cause harm to others.

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Milgram

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Milgram selected participants for his experiment by ___________ for male participants to take part in a study of learning at Yale University.

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Newspaper Advertising

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who was in charge of the session.

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Experimenter

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- a volunteer for a single session

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Teacher

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an actor and a confederate of the experimenter, who pretended to be a volunteer.

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Learner

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Three individuals took part in each session of the experiment: (3) (Of Stanley Milgram Obedience)

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1. Experimenter

2. Teacher

3. Learner

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Before Milgram conducted his study, he described the procedure to three groups (3)

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1. college students,

2.middle-class adults,

3. psychiatrists

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Milgram Personality Characteristics (5)

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1. Authoritarianism

2.Conscientiousness

3. Agreeableness

4. Moral reasoning

5. Social intelligence

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- a tendency to prefer things to be simple rather than complex and to hold traditional values

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Authoritarianism

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a tendency to be responsible, orderly, and dependable

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Conscientiousness

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a tendency to be good natured, cooperative, and trusting

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Agreeableness

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the manner in which one makes ethical judgments

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Moral Reasoning

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an ability to develop a clear perception of the situation using situational cues

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Social intelligence

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are all related to higher levels of obedience (3)

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Authoritarianism,

Conscientiousness and

Agreeableness

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both predict resistance to the demands of the authority figure (2)

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Moral Reasoning

Social Intelligence

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Iraqi prison in which US soldiers physically and psychologically tortured their Iraqi prisoners.

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Abu Ghraib

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he is a Social Psychologist, he notes the parallels between the events that occurred at Abu Ghraib and the events that occurred in the prison study that he conducted in 1971

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Philip Zimbardo

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Together with his colleagues (Zimbardo), they set up a ___________ located in the basement of the psychology building at Stanford University.

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mock prison

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They selected 23 students and divided them into 2 groups: the prisoners & the guards

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Philip Zimbardo Prison Study

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They were picked up at their homes by actual police officers, “arrested” and brought to the mock prison.

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Prisoners

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Other group of students who guarded the “prisoners”in the experiment.

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Guards

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Zimbardo acted as an expert witness in the trial of _________, who was sentenced to eight years in prison for his role in the abuse at Abu Ghraib. He was the army reservist who was put in charge of the night shift at Tier 1A, where the detainees were abused.

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Sergeant Chip Frederick

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“Human behavior is more influenced by things outside of us than inside.”

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Philip Zimbardo

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“If you are not aware that this can happen, you can be seduced by evil. We need inoculations against our own potential for evil. We have to acknowledge it. Then we can change it.”

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Philip Zimbardo

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People prefer to have an “optimal” balance between being similar to, and different from, others (Brewer, 2003)

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Person Differences

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The observed gender differences in conformity have social explanations—namely that women are socialized to be more caring about the desires of others—but there are also evolutionary explanations.

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Gender Differences

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women may conform somewhat more than men, although these differences are small and limited to situations in which the responses are made publicly.

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Gender Differences

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When individuals feel that their freedom is being threatened by influence attempts and yet they also have the ability to resist that persuasion,

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Psychological Reactance

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a strong motivational state that resists social influence

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Psychological Reactance

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is aroused when our ability to choose which behaviors to engage in is eliminated or threatened with elimination. The outcome of the

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Reactance

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Gender Differences of

Conformity on The topic of..(3)

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1. Sports

2. Fashion

3. Leadership

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represents a desire to restore freedom that is being threatened

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Reactance

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Types of Power (5)

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1. Reward power

2. Coercive power

3. Legitimate power

4. Referent power

5. Expert power

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He identified the types of power.

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Raven

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It is the ability to distribute positive or negative rewards.

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Reward Power

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It occurs when one person is able to influence others by providing them with positive outcomes.

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Reward Power

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The ability to dispense punishments.

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Coercive Power

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It is the power that is based on the ability to create negative outcomes for others, for instance by bullying, intimidating, or otherwise, punishing.

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Coercive Power

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It is the authority that comes from a belief on the part of those being influenced that the person has a legitimate right to demand obedience.

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Legitimate Power

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A power vested in those who are appointed or elected to positions of authority, such as teachers, politicians police officers and judges, and their power is successful because members of the group accept it as appropriate.

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Legitimate power

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It is influence based on the identification with, attraction to, or respect for the power-holder.

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Referent Power

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have an ability to influence others because they can lead those others to identify with them.

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Referent Power

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People with referent power is either: (3)

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1. a member of an important reference group or someone we personally admire and attempt to emulate

2. A charismatic, dynamic and persuasive leader

3. A person who is particularly attractive or famous.

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A power that comes from others’ beliefs that the power-holder possesses superior skills and abilities.

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Expert Power

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Represents a type of informational influence based on the fundamental desire to obtain valid and accurate information, and where the outcome is likely to be private acceptance.

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Expert Power

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- a person who has a power over others, in the sense that the person is able to influence them.

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Leader

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ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals.

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Leadership

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Personality Theories of Leadership (3)

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1. Charismatic Leaders

2. Transactional Leaders

3. Tranformational Leaders

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Leaders who are enthusiastic, committed and self-confident; who tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level; and who make personal sacrifices for the group.

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Charismatic Leader

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They express views that support and validate existing group norms but that also contain a vision of what the group could or should be.

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Charismatic Leader

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They use referent power to uplift, motivate and inspire others.

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Charismatic Leader

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They are the more regular leaders who work with their subordinates to help them understand what is required of them and to get the job done.

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Transactional Leaders

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They are more like charismatic leaders.

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Transformational Leaders

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They have a vision of where the group is going and attempt to stimulate and inspire their workers to move beyond their present status and to create a new and better future.

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Transformational Leaders

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They also reconfigure or transforms their group norms.

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Transformational Leaders

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It is a model of leadership effectiveness that focuses on both person variables and situation variables.

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Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness

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It is developed by Fred Fielder and his colleagues.

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Contingency Model Of Leadership Effectiveness

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Who develop the Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness?

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Fred Fielder

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Three aspects of the Group Situation (3)

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1. Leader Member Relations

2. Task Structure

3. Position Power

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the degree to which the leader already has a good relationship with the group and support of the group members.

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Leader Member Relations

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the extent to which the task is structured and unambiguous.

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Task Structure

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the leader’s level of power support in the organization.

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Position Power

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also sometimes occur because we believe that other people have valid knowledge about an opinion or issue, and we use that information to help us make good decisions.

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Influence