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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is a group? |
people who interact and are interdependent in that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other |
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group functions |
need to belong self-esteem: terror management/social identity theory self-identity |
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features of groups |
homogenous cohesiveness social norms social roles |
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homogenous |
people within the group tend to be the same; groups attract a certain kind of person |
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cohesiveness |
you are close/you get along task cohesion interpersonal cohesion |
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task cohesion |
group project |
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interpersonal cohesion |
meet the needs of the group ex. small friend group, friend gets dumped, try and make her happy |
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social norms |
formal groups: sorority/fraternity; need to attend meetings ;or shunned informal groups: friend group; don't date friends exes or shunned |
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social roles |
sorority/fraternity: president has different roles than just a regular member friend group: you are the smart one so you make the weekend plans ex. standford prison study (70s) |
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standford prison study |
phillips zimbardo; prisoners and inmates; relates to Abu Ghraib (Iraq war) |
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cognitive dissonance |
feeling of discomfort caused by holding two or more inconsistent thoughts, beliefs,or atttitudes festinger (1957) |
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dissonance reduction |
change behavior: hard to change change cognitions: justify/rationalize add cognitions: tagging something "it's bad but.." |
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self-affirmation |
cognitive adding does not relate to dissonance; the recognition and assertion of the existence and value of one's individual self. |
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Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) |
investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior; the participants became more interested when the task became paid |
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insufficient justification |
a condition in which people freely perform an attitude-discrepant behavior without receiving a large reward |
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external justification |
explanation for dissonant behavior that lies outside the individual |
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internal justification |
changing something about oneself as a way to reduce dissonance |
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insufficient deterrence |
dissonance aroused when individuals lack justification for having resisted a desired activity |
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justification effort |
tendency for individuals to increase their liking for something they have worked hard to attain Aronson and Mills 1959 |
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Aronson and Mills (1959) justification effort |
mild initiation severe initiation: more work, more we like it no initiation ex. frat pledging |
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post decision dissonance |
dissonance after making a decision reduced by enhancing the attractiveness of the choice and dealing the rejected choice |
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importance and permanence of decision |
- Increase in importance, increase dissonancejustification, increase dissonance reduction· -
-Decrease in importance, increase dissonancejustification, decrease dissonance reduction· -Increase in permanence, decrease in dissonancereduction |
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personal values and morals |
Ex. Value in cheating-change in value-dissonance producing ->Justify: boost gpa |
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Ben Franklin effect=
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A person who has performed a favor for someone is more likely to do another favor for that person than they would be if they had received a favor from that person.
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evolutionary purpose |
cognitive dissonance is universal |
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cultural and cognitive dissonance |
difference in individualists and collectivists in cognitive dissonance |
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inconsistency is public |
upsetting more to collectivists cultures |
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inconsistency is private |
upsetting more to individualist cultures |
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social facilitation (Zajonc 1969) |
physiological arousal and dominant response; people watching us simple tasks are done well. difficult tasks are done poorly. ex. roaches maze evaluated individual= alertness, evaluation apprehension, distraction conflict; arousal |
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social loafing |
slackers simple task performed more poorly difficult task performed better. not evaluated no evaluation apprehension; relaxation prone to work less in group rather than individually |
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collective effort model |
group project, you expect others will slack off and not do the work, so you work extra hard; weaken individual performance |
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deindividuation |
groups can make us feel as if we are not an individual anonymity responsibility arousal |
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anonymity |
feel anonymous; everyone else is doing it |
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responsibility |
i am not at fault; everyone else is doing it too |
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arousal |
feel anonymous, I am not personally responsible builds this arousal |
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deindividuation and group norms |
-social identity model of deindividuation effects= SIDE explains the effects of anonymity and identifiability on group behavior -deindividuation leads to adherence to group norms |
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group decision making |
tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its member |
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normative social influence |
you do something to get people to like you or avoid punishment |
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groups are better than individuals when |
you have the most expert person in charge |
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individuals are better than groups |
every other time; groupthink: the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome: cohesion, isolation, strong leader, stress |
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post decision dissonance |
is a form of regret, a worry that perhaps we didn't make the best choice.
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