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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociology
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the systematic study of human social interaction at a variety of levels
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social institutions
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established and enduring patterns of social relationships (ex: school, religion, family)
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social groups
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two or more people that interact, share a common identity, and form a social relationship (ex: primary – family, secondary – classroom)
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values
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social agreements about what is considered good and bad, right and wrong, desirable and undesirable
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norms
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socially defined rules of behaviors, including folkways, laws, and mores
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the sociological imagination
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Developed by C. Wright Mills in 1959
Allows us to: ▪ connect private problems to public issues ▪ shift focus to a larger social context ◦ Personal problems such as job loss are caused by economic trends (downsizing, new technology) |
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Social Pathology Theory
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social problems result from sickness in society
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Social Disorganization Theory
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rapid social change and causes norms to be unclear
Anomie – when norms become weak |
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Conflict Perspective
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macro-level analysis
assumes inherent power struggle different groups working to control scarce resources |
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non-marxist conflict theories
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how groups differ; values and interests
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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micro-level analysis
interactions between individuals create the social world a condition must be defined or recognized as a social problem for it to be a social problem |
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The Six Steps of Research
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1. Decide on a topic
• research question 2. Literature Review • hardest to do 3. Form a Hypothesis 4. Data collection • must establish a research design 5. Analyze results 6. Share and publish results |
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The Methods of Data Collection
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- Experiments
▪ NOT sociologists - Surveys - Field Research ▪ participant observation - person participates in group they're observing ▪ non participant observation - person does not participate in group they are observing - Secondary data research |
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How does committing a crime differ from violating a norm?
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A crime is a violation of norms written into law
If a norm is not written into law, a crime cannot be committed |
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criminology
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scientific study of crime, deviance, and social policies that the criminal justice system applies
theoretically based science |
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Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
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data comes from official police statistics of reported crimes and is collected by the FBI
if not reported, it is almost like it doesn't exist/never happened |
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Four violent crimes:
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• rapes
• homicide • aggravated assault • robbery |
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Four property crimes:
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• burglary
• larceny-theft • motor vehicle theft • arson |
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National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
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▪ one of the nation's largest opinon surveys
▪ calculates how many violent and nonviolent crime U.S. residents aged 12 and older experience each year ▪ 70,000 households in the U.S. ▪ reports higher rates of crime than UCR |
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Most crime is committed from ages..
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15-25
after 25, criminal behavior is less likely age/crime relationship is important when developing target audiences for crime prevention problems age is the most important demographic factor of predicting rise and fall of crime rates the type of crime correlates with age |
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gender differences in crime
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historically, crime is a male-dominated activity
◦ 77% of people arrested are men ◦ 90% of prisons populated by men the gender differences are fluid ◦ the number of female inmates in U.S. is growing steadily. (1.2% increase in incarcerated women, 7% increase in incarcerated men) ◦ Oklahoma has most women in prison in the U.S. ◦ most women in prison were abused as children |
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african americans and crime
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African Americans represent 12% of prison population
African American men account for 27% of arrests in the U.S. |
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racial profiling
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- assumes one is associated with crime by race; mainly African Americans and Hispanics
They have more negative view of police system than whites blacks are more likely to face policy brutality and perceive police actions as racially motivated |
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social class and crime
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• correlation between those caught and lower social class
• crimes reported more in deprived areas • poor people are easier to catch and convict • lack access to resources • poor are less likely to receive plea bargains |
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Structural-Functional Perspective of crime
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▪ Durkheim
▪ crime is functional for society ▪ strengthens group cohesion ▪ crime can lead to social change |
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Conflict Perspective of crime
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▪ Karl Marx
▪ deviance is inevitable whenever two groups have differing degrees of power ▪ the more inequality there is in a society, the greater the crime rate in that society ▪ social inequality leads individuals to commit crimes such as larceny and burglary as a means of economic survival ▪ those in power define what is criminal and what is not |
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective
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Labeling theory:
• Howard Becker (1963) • focuses on two questions: ◦ How do crime and deviance come to be defined as such? ◦ What are the effects of being labeled criminal or deviant? Differential Association • Edwin Sutherland (1939) • through interaction with others, individuals learn the values and attitudes associated |
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infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths of live-born infants under 1 year of age per 1,000 live births (in any given year).
It ranges from an average of 6 in high-income nations to 75 in low-income nations. One half of all child deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa where, in 2008, one in seven children died before their 5th birthday. One of the major causes of infant and child death worldwide is diarrhea, resulting from poor water quality and sanitation. |
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mortality
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death
The leading cause of mortality worldwide is heart disease, followed by stroke and respiratory infections. |
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morbidity
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refers to illnesses, symptoms, and the impairments they produce
In less developed countries, where poverty and chronic malnutrition are widespread, infectious and parasitic diseases, such as HIV disease, tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, measles, and malaria are much more prevalent than in developed countries, where chronic health problems such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are major health threats. |
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life expectancy
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the average number of years that individuals born in a given year can expect to live – ranges from 47 in Malawi to 83 in Japan.
In 12 countries (primarily in Africa), life expectancy is less than 50 years. |
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leading global mortality risk factors
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The world health organization has identified high blood pressure as the leading global mortality risk factor followed by tobacco use, high blood glucose, physical inactivity, being overweight and obesity.
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leading cause of death worldwide
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The leading cause of mortality, or death, worldwide is heart disease followed by stroke and respiratory infections.
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top three causes of death in low-income countries
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respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS
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leading cause of death in the U.S.
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for both women and men, heart disease, followed by cancer and stroke
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leading cause of death in Africa
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HIV/AIDS
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infant mortality rates of ethnic groups in the U.S.
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Infants born to black women are 2.4 times more likely to die than infants born to non-Hispanic white women.
Infant mortality rates among some racial/ethnic minorities (U.S. Asians, Mexicans, Central and South Americans, and Cubans) are lower than that of non-Hispanic whites because, even though the minorities have lower socioeconomic status, they have strong networks of family and community support. |
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demographics of HIV/AIDS in the U.S.
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HIV infection rates among African Americans are seven times higher than among whites, and rates for Latinos are three times higher
Nearly half (48 percent) of people living with HIV/AIDS in the U.S. are black/African American. 1.1 million people are infected in the U.S. 1/5 do not know they are infected. It is much more prevalent among males and racial minorities. the rate for African American women is 4 times higher than white women |
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demographics of HIV/AIDS in Africa
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More than two-thirds of people with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, where one in 20 adults has HIV.
HIV prevalence rate among women is more than double that of men. (60% of women affected) |
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consequences of HIV/AIDS in Africa
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The HIV/AIDS epidemic creates an enormous burden for the limited health care resources of poor countries. Economic development is threatened by the HIV epidemic, which diverts national funds to health-related needs and reduces the size of a nation’s workforce.
It adds to political instability. There are also many orphans due to parents dying of HIV/AIDS. |
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rates of mental illness (race, class, gender differences)
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rates of mental illness are similar for women and men, although they differ in the types of mental illness they experience; women have higher rates of mood and anxiety disorders, and men have higher rates of personality and substance-related disorders
Research finds no significant difference among races in their overall rates of mental illness. Differences that do exist are often associated more with social class than with race or ethnicity. some studies suggest that minorities have a higher risk for mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression, in part because of racism and discrimination, which adversely affect physical and mental health Minorities also have less access to mental health services, are less likely to receive needed mental health services, often receive lower-quality mental health care, and are underrepresented in mental health research. |
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differences in preventative care based on race/ethnicity
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Racial and ethnic minorities are less likely than whites to have health insurance and so are less likely to receive preventive services (such as colon cancer screening), medical treatment for chronic conditions, and prenatal care.
Less preventative care/optimal management of chronic diseases received by racial/ethnic minorities and low-income whites |
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gender inequality in the health care system
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Most of doctors in U.S. are men today
Women have been underrepresented in the medical profession Medical training, practice, and research are male-centered Women receive differential treatment for certain kinds of medical problems |
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functionalist explanation of health care problems
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- Illness is dysfunctional for society, keeps people from fulfilling their roles
- Problems in U.S. health care are due to macro-level changes. E.g., high-tech medicine, over specialization of doctors. - This perspective examines how changes in society affect health. |
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conflict explanation of health care problems
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- Health problems are rooted in capitalism and in the medical-industrial complex
- Race, class, and gender based inequities cause health problems - This perspective points to ways in which powerful groups and wealthy corporations influence health-related policies and laws through lobbying and financial contributions to politicians and political candidates. |
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inequality in U.S. health care will be perpetuated by 3 things:
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• High health care costs due to advanced services and expensive medicine and technology
• Abuse of existing systems by health care professionals: overcharge, unnecessary services, services not received. • Aging population will put a strain on medicare and Medicaid. |
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symbolic interactionist explanation of health care problems
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- Communication problems between doctors and patients create problems
- People need to become more involved in health care issues and reform - People who have information and resources could work on preventative care at home - According to this perspective, concepts of health and illness are socially constructed. |
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what is drug abuse? what are the objective and subjective components?
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Drug abuse: excessive or inappropriate use of drugs that results in physical, mental, or social impairment.
Objective component: physical, psychological, or social evidence that harm has been done to an individual, family, or society Subjective component: people’s perceptions of the consequences of drug use and what they believe should be done to remedy the addiction. |
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four types of drinkers
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Social drinkers – drink at social occasions/events
Heavy drinkers – consume alcohol frequently, tend to become intoxicated whenever they drink Acute drinkers – have trouble controlling alcohol use; they plan their activities around drinking Chronic drinkers – lost control of drinking behavior; exhibit compulsive behavior |
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demographics regarding alcohol use/abuse
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o The educated and high-income whites consumer more alcohol
The relationship between social class and alcohol use is unclear Middle and upper-class have more privacy and can protect themselves from being labeled as drunks. Men drink more than women Compared to whites, young black males have a lower alcohol consumption rate. This reverses later in life. |
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what other social problems has the drug problem been linked to?
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- Gangs, crime, and violence
- Poor performance in schools - We arbitrarily link drug problems to other issues |
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According to McCaghy, what are the three areas where heroin is extremely dangerous?
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- Heroin can contain unknown substances/chemicals in it when it’s sold on the street
- There is danger of infection and contamination of heroin needles - The high-cost of heroin on the black market causes one to do dangerous things to get enough money to pay for it - McCaghy argues that heroin causes no damage to cells or body organs and that alcohol and nicotine are far more dangerous because they can and do kill. |
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two kinds of family:
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Family of orientation: the family into which a person is born and in which early socialization takes place
Family of procreation: the family a person forms through marriage and by having or adopting children |
