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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Expulsion
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(Population Transfer) when a dominant group forces a subordinate group to leave the country or to live only in designated areas of the country
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Colonialism
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When a racial or ethnic group from one society takes over and dominates the racial or ethnic groups of another society
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De Jure Segregation
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Segregation required by law
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De Facto Segregation
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Segregation not required by law but exists "in fact" - often as a result of socio-economic patterns
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Acculturation
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Learning the culture of a group different from the one in which a person was raised
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Primary Assimilation
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Integration of different groups in a personal setting such as friends, family and spouses
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Secondary Assimilation
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The integration of different groups in public areas and in social institutions such as governments, neighbourhoods, schools and the workplace
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Amalgamation
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The physical blending of different racial or ethnic groups, resulting in a new distinct genetic and cultural population
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Endogamy
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The social norm that influences people to marry within their social groups and discourages interracial and interethnic marriages
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Aversive Racism
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Subtle, unintended form of racism exhibited by individuals who possess strong egalitarian values and who view themselves as non-prejudice
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Modern Racism
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Subtle, complex form of racism in which individuals are not explicitly racist, but tend to hold negative views of racial minorities and blame minorities for their social disadvantage
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Scapegoating Theory
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(Frustration Aggression Theory) A psychological theory of prejudice that suggests racism is a form of hostility resulting from frustration. According to this theory, minority groups serve as convenient targets of displaced aggression
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Pluralism
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A state in which racial or ethnic groups maintain their distinctness, but respect each other and have equal access to social resources
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Authoritarian Personality Theory
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A psychological theory of prejudice that suggests racism arises in a certain personality. Those who are highly conformist, intolerant, cynical and preoccupied with power
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Individual Discrimination
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Discriminatory acts by individuals that are based on racist attitudes. Ex. refusal of hiring or services
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Overt Discrimination
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Discrimination that occurs because of an individuals own prejudicial attitudes. Obvious and admitting
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Institutional Discrimination
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Discrimination in which the normal operations and procedures of social institutions result in unequal treatment of minorities
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Multi-Cultural Education
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Education that includes all racial and ethnic groups in the school curriculum and promotes awreness
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Diversity Training
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Workplace training programs designed to increase employee awareness of cultural differences in the workplace and how these differences may affect job performance
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Disproportionate Harm
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Exceeds harm inflicted on an individual; has goal to intimidate an entire community
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Gender Identity
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The gender a person feels they are. May be in line with sex, may be more fluid
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Reparative Therapy
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Various therapies that are aimed at changing a homosexuals sexual attraction
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Anti-Essentialism
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The refusal of simplistic biological explanations for complex social relations, motivations, behaviours and identifications
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Constructionist
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The belief that social context provides meaning for both sexuality and gendered behaviour
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Heterosexism
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The belief that heterosexuality is superior
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Relative Poverty
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A deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other population
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Human Poverty Index
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A composite measure of poverty based on three measures of deprivation. Deprivation of life (40), Deprivation of knowledge (illiterate), and Deprivation of living standards (lack of health services)
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Working Poor
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Individuals who work in the labour force, but who still live in poverty
- Over 40% of families who lived in poverty were employed - 1999 - Single parent mothers working full time had a poverty rate of 19.7% |
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Proletariat
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Workers who are often exploited by the bourgeoisie
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Bourgeoisie
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The owners of the means of production
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Surplus Value
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Developed by Marx. Refers to the difference in the amount people will pay for a service or consumer good compared to the cost of its production
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Wealthfare
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Government policies and regulations that economically favour the wealthy
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Gender-Biased Analysis
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Feminist policy understanding gender to be a key factor in vulnerability to poverty and the differential effects of poverty
- 54% of people over 18 and in poverty are female |
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Narrative Analysis
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A feminist practice that combines a symbolic approach with the collection of women's life histories as a legitimate source of knowledge and information
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Family Allowance
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Canada's first universal welfare program, introduced in 1945, promising a monthly allowance.
- Taxable - 1972 - $200 to those earning $18,000 - 1978 |
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Wealth
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Total assets of an individual or household minus liabilities
- 15.2% - child poverty - 6 is the most likely age - 3% - single parent teens on welfare |
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National Child Benefit Supplement
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Monthly benefit for low-income families with children, the federal governments contribution to the NCB
- $1293 for one - $2380 for two - $1009 for additional |
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Human Capital
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The skills, knowledge, and capabilities of an individual
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which private individuals or group invest capital to produce goods and services for a profit in a competitive market
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Socialism
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An economic ideology that emphasizes public rather than private ownership. Goods and services are equally distributed according to needs
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Industrial Revolution
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Between 1850's & 1900's when machines and factories became primary means for producing goods
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Work Sectors
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The division of the labour force into distinct categories based on the goods & services produced.
- Primary - Production of raw materials & food goods (60% in developing countries, 3% in Canada) - Secondary - Production of manufacturing goods from raw materials (ex. wood to paper) - Tertiary - Professional, managerial, tech support & service jobs |
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Brain Drain
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Individuals with the highest level of skill and education leave the country in search of work abroad
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Bonded Labour
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The repayment of debt through labour
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Repetitive Strain Theory
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Muscle, tendon, vascular, and nerve injuries resulting from repetitive actions
- Computer programming, manufacturing, meat packaging, poultry processing & office work |
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Split Labour Market
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The existence of a primary & secondary labour market
- Primary job market refers to jobs that are stable and economically rewarding - Secondary job market refers to jobs that offer little pay, no security, few benefits and little chance for advancement |
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Cultural Imperialism
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When cultural imperialism exists, the norms, values and traditions of subordinate groups are systematically ignored (CONFLICT )
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Cultural Capital
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Possessing and understanding elite forms of art, language use and speech, dress and comportment, architecture and other aesthetic movements. (CONFLICT)
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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A concept referring to the tendency for people to act in a manner consistent with the expectations surrounding them. (SYMBOLIC)
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Social Promotion
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The passing of students from grade to grade even if they're failing
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Functional Illiterates
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High school graduates who have difficulty with basic reading and math skills
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Environmental Invasion
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The environmental impact of building, farming, consuming, etc.
- Measured in terms of loss of arable land, fuel depletion, use of water resources, & carbon emissions |
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Planned Obsolescence
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The manufacturing of products that are intended to be inoperative or outdated in a fairly short time. (CONFLICT)
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Greenwashing
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The corporate practice of displaying a sense of corporate responsibility for the environment. (SYMBOLIC)
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Acid Rain
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Mixture of Precipitation with air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
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Greenhouse Gases
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Collection of chlorofluoro-carbons, carbon dioxide, methane and other gases creating a glass in the atmosphere holding heat from the sun, preventing heat from going back to space
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Environmental Injustice
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Tendency for socially and politically marginalized groups to bear the brunt of environmental ills
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Ecoterrorism
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Any violent crime intended to coerce, intimidate or change public policy on behalf of the natural world
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Kyoto Protocol
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Developed by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, protocol aims to have signatories make efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
-As of 2010 - 191 countries have ratified - 1992 |
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Two-Thirds Society
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In Western societies where 2/3 of the population enjoy the benefits of affluence while 1/3 are locked onto poverty or near poverty
- 13.8% of the population lived in low income in 2012 |
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Poverty Statistics
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2010 - 38% of Canadian children turned to food banks, 59% of Canadian workers lived paycheck to paycheck
2009 - Debt was 2.5x higher than 1989 |
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Socio-economic Hierarchies
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Wealth, occupation & education
- race/ethnicity, region, age, gender, political status, family structure and disability |
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Social Inequality
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Any differences among people that are consequential for the lives they lead (Grabb)
- Equal opportunity (1984) |
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Social Stratification
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The hierarchical arrangement of large groups on the basis of their control over basic resources (Feagan)
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Structural-Functionalism of Poverty
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Inequality motivates people to work hard to acquire scarce resources
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Conflict Theory of Poverty
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Services the structural power imbalance existing between capitalists and employees
- Exploitation |
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Symbolic Interactionism of Poverty
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Focuses on labels between wealthy and poor
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Poverty Video Statistics
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2012
-Nearly 70% of all wealth belonged to the top 20% - Bottom 20% less than 1% - Half of us own less than 6% of all wealth - Total wealth is 8 trillion dollars - Top 10% hold 60% of all financial assets (stocks) which is more than the bottom 90% combined - CEO's earn 206x more than average worker - This 1% owns 20% of all wealth |
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Child Poverty Rates
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1989 - 1 in 8 children (12.5%)
2000 - (15.2%) 2014 - 1 in 7 children (14.3%) Aboriginals - 4 in 10 children |
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Student Debt Facts
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- 1 in 4 students pay off their outstanding loans two years after graduation
- Unemployment rate for 20-24 - 18.3% - Females face 16 years of debt, males 11 years - Inverse relationship between program completion and student debt |
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Ontario's Poverty Reduction Strategy
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2014 - 2019 the province is enhancing funding for community homeless prevention initiative by $42 million to a total of $294 million per year
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PayDay Loans
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- $9 billion dollar industry
- 1/20 households have used - More companies than Starbucks & McDonalds - Up to 1900% in interest rates - 76% of industries volume is from those who borrow and reborrow - Advance America - Largest payday loan company - Cash American - Illegally high interest rates & burn documents - Ohio 2008 - Capped at 28%, short term loans identified as mortgage loans to avoid, some join with Indian tribes for sovereign immunity |
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Hate Crime Laws & Facts
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In 2009 the Matthew Shepard & James Byrd Jr. Act was erected.
- 2008 - Stats Canada - 1 in 10 hate crimes are motivated by homophobia |
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LGBTTQ2A
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Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transsexual, transgendered, queer, two spirited, and asexual
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Canadian Climate Survey on Homophobia
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- 73% felt unsafe at school
- 59% were verbally harassed - 51% did not feel accepted - 31% were harassed online - 25% were physically harassed |
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Immigration Statistics
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- 2006 41.4% of the population reported more than one ethnic origin
- 16.2% of visible minorities in Canada - 2001-2006 - increase in visible minorities by 27.2% - 52% of Blacks reported Caribbean origins - 69% of South Asians reported Indian subcontinent - 1 in 5 (19.8%) are foreign born - 2006 - foreign born increased by 13.6% - Born in Asia & Middle East make up 58.3% |
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Immigration
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- Economic Immigrants (153k)
- Family-Status Immigrants (66k) - Refugee Immigrants (27.8k) |
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Structural Function of Race & Ethnicity
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A society that practices discrimination fails to develop and utilize the resources of minorities
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Conflict Theory of Race & Ethnicity
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Role of economic competition in creating and maintaining racial and ethnic group tension
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Symbolic Interactionism of Race & Ethnicity
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Meanings and definitions. Typically negative connotations and stereotypes.
- Black magic, gook, First Nations - Prefer Aboriginal People |
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Aboriginals
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- Life expectancy for males if 64 and 73 for females
- Infant mortality rate - 8.0 compared to 5.5 - Prone to obesity and type II diabetes |
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Express Entry
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Newly automated program accepting immigrants based on available jobs in a 6 month period
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Racial Profiling
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Any action undertaken for reasons of safety, security or public protection that relies on stereotypes to single out an individual
- 3.7x more likely to stop a black man - 1.4x more likely to stop an aboriginal man |
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Drop outs and Coke heads
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- 2009/2010 - women (6.6%) men (10.3%)- Michael Cliffor
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