Social Org Societies

Front 1

Ache

Back 1

- foragers
- share ¾ of what anyone eats is shared with someone outside for the nuclear family

Front 2

Agta

Back 2

-Philippines
-hunt wild boar with dogs and arrows
-women hunt in groups just as men do, perhaps presence of dogs equalizes economic roles in this respect
-women have high status and have a major say in decision-making

Front 3

Apinaye

Back 3

-egalitarian with limited authority roles - egalitarian policing
- officials appointed to retaliate forcibly against those breaking the rules

Front 4

Berbers

Back 4

segmentary society

Front 5

Bantu

Back 5

- egalitarian with weakly developed political authority
- qualities of a leader: warm hospitality, good verbal skills, successful warrior, moral virtues
- leader is there to guide and give to the people
- generosity offsets competitive aggressiveness

Front 6

Busama

Back 6

- chiefs are reluctant to become leaders - this is a desired trait
- chiefs must be generous

Front 7

Calusa

Back 7

non-egalitarian hunter-gatherers

Front 8

Cuna

Back 8

- both the leader and the people have a push and restrain tendency, with the leader trying to further his own prerogatives and the people regularly pushing against this
- will oust their chief if he does not consult his people before making a decision
- will oust their chief if he shows violent anger or behaves immorally

Front 9

Gebusi

Back 9

witchcraft as a leveling force for women against men, although these aggressive witches can be executed

Front 10

Gombe

Back 10

Chimps

Front 11

Hamadryadas

Back 11

- AKA baboon
- Males are large and powerful
- have harems of women that they horde from other males

Front 12

Hadza

Back 12

- egalitarian hunter-gatherers
- like the !Kung, the use joking ridicule as a leveling mechanism
- share large-game meat

Front 13

Hopi

Back 13

males are the ones that move out to their wife’s clan, where they have no economic influence, but retain their influence in their natal clan

Front 14

Iban

Back 14

- if a chief gets out of line he is accused of being unfair and biases
- If the chief gives a command he is rejected, he can only give suggestions

Front 15

Inuit

Back 15

Niqi and her stingy family that were ostracized
nalik and isuma

Front 16

!Kung:

Back 16

- egalitarian
- moral community is very aggressive with putting down upstarts through joking ridicule
- large respect for hunters because large-game is shared with all members in the band, this is to keep the best hunters from dominating society
- credit for the kill goes to the owner of the first arrow to hit the game → trading arrows practice
- have a headman with influential power → not a desired position and is a very generous leader

Front 17

Kapauku

Back 17

- males are dominant in the home
- the tonowi is an informal leader who has the ethos: wealth, generosity, eloquence, physical fitness, war bravery, and shamanism
- this status is not ascribed, but is achieved
- ostracize the wealthy that are not generous, and will sometimes execute them through the group
- if multiple men reach the same status, they can have multiple headmen

Front 18

Kwakiutl

Back 18

- hierarchal → despotic (have gone well beyond the Big-Man societal pattern)
- sedentary foragers
- social classes, slaves, strong hereditary chiefs
- chiefs have coercive power
- villages own specific resources and go to war

Front 19

Mae Enga

Back 19

- egalitarian → entire tribe meets to make military decisions by consensus
- leaders only exert their influence when a decision is visible on the horizon

Front 20

Mbuti

Back 20

- egalitarian foragers
- like the !Kung, they ridicule through jokes when someone becomes boisterous
- will ostracize someone

Front 21

Mennonites

Back 21

militant concern for retaining autonomy and rejecting selfish behavior

Front 22

Navajos

Back 22

look at reading

Front 23

Nilotes

Back 23

egalitarian - strong sense of autonomy

Front 24

Nuer

Back 24

- egalitarian because each man is very autonomous → no one has power over another
- highly respect one another, but fued amongst themselves until a major war breaks out
- segmentary society → their alliances always shift, no permanent confederation
- cattle difficult to centralize

Front 25

Serbs

Back 25

- Underwent secondary state formation to go from a tribal confederation to a chiefdom to a kingdom
- Orthodox bishop = elected leaders who worked outside the confederation as a defending warrior, and inside it as a pacifying leader
- Bishop Rade began imposing taxation and putting down rebellions → became a feared chief → through hereditary leadership his nephew came to power → put down a massive tax rebellion and created a centralized government

Front 26

Siriono

Back 26

problems with sharing arise from misunderstandings that the meat is enough

Front 27

Tairora

Back 27

- generally egalitarian, but a “strong man” actually takes antagonism as proof of his political potency
- same push and restrain of the Cuna

Front 28

Tikopia

Back 28

- Chiefdom→ not overly centralized (more egalitarian)
- Chiefs have strong influential power, but can be deposed off
Regulated by fonos = popular assemblies that arrive at major decisions by consensus
- Chiefs are governed by public opinion → cyclical governing
- “Even in the absence of an egalitarian ethos, the moral community tends to govern its governors to a considerable extent”
- On the despotic side of the scale, but closer to the center (egalitarian end)

Front 29

Tiv

Back 29

segmentary

Front 30

Utku

Back 30

- Egalitarian
- nomadic hunter-gatherers
- isuma = disregard of impulse; makes you an adult
- nalik = compassion for all humanity; makes you a good person
- benevolent aggression = scary stories parents tell to children; temptation

Front 31

Wape

Back 31

- weak leaders
- those who acquire wealth give gifts to redistribute it
- bridewealth and gambling as a wealth redistributing mechanism

Front 32

Yanomamo

Back 32

- sedentary foragers
- do not allow anyone to gain political authority because all men desire autonomy → egalitarian
- effective warriors may become chiefs, but only have influential power
- chief who raked village center for a festival → lead by example
- chief only intervenes physically when it is absolutely necessary → man almost beating his wife to death example
- not egalitarian within the family → largely male dominant

Front 33

Will kill an upstart:

Back 33

Arnhem Land
Baruya
Comanche
Copper eskimo
Netsilik
Yaruro

Front 34

Has people of influential power who, if step out of line, will be ignored, discharged, ostracized or exiled:

Back 34

Anuak - discharged headman
Aranda - temporarily exiled
Arapaho - ignored
Batek - ostracize
Bihor - ignored
Carib - discharged
Coeur d’alene - discharged
Nandi - ignored
Pokot - ignored
Shavante - ridicule

Front 35

Andamans

Back 35

Leader has people of influential power