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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heider's Attribution Theory
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A. Dispositional/Internal locates cause of behavior within the person
B. Situational/External locates cause of behavior outside of the person |
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Kelley's Attribution Theory
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When people make attributions, they consider 1) CONSISTENCY: whether behavior is same over time 2) DISTINCTIVENESS: whether behavior is unique to situation/stimulus 3) CONSENSUS: whether other people respond similarly. Internal attributions= high consistency, low distinctiveness & consensus. External= high in all 3
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Weiner's Attribution Theory
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added STABILITY, looke dat whether attributions are made to stable versus unstable factors.
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Attribution Theory & Depression
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"LEARNED HELPLESSNESS" Research shows when a person attributes negative events to INTERNAL, STABLE, & GLOBAL causes, more likely to experience depression, helplessness, & hopelessness.
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OPTIMISTIC VS PESSIMISTIC STYLES
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Pessimistic styles are associated with more endorsement of illness, poorer health, less active coping, & more problematic lifestyle patterns for preventing & managing medical problems.
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Abramson & Alloy's Depression Research
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Found that depressed persons are sometimes more realistic in their appraisals that persons with normal mood, esp. unrealistically positive assessments of their ability to control outcomes ("illusion of control") or "sadder but wiser".
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ATTRIBUTIONAL BIASES
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When people make attributions, they usually do not have access to all the relevant information, and rely on schemas or general beliefs regarding causes of behavior, these schemas are often erroneous.
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FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION BIAS
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(Jones & Nisbett) Attributing the behavior of others to internal or dispositional causes, while underestimating the influence of situational variables. 1 explanation is saliency or what is more noticeable. One problem results in "BLAMING THE VICTIM"
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ACTOR-OBSERVER BIAS
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Person attributes their own acions to situational factor while minimizing the role of situational factors. Attributes other's behavior to dispositional factors.
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SELF-SERVING BIAS
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(HEDONIC BIAS, Bradley) Tend to attribute our own successes to internal or personal factors, and failures to external/situational factors. Thought to be motivated by desire to maintain self-esteem as well as to look good to others.
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AVAILABILITY HEURISTIC
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people estimate the likelihood of a situation by how easily they can recall it. Based on this theory, it is easier to remember evetns that are witnessed frequently than those not. Ex. firearm death rated more common than asthmatic death, because of publicity.
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REPRESENTATIVE HEURISTIC
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People make judgments about others or events based on what they believe is a typical example of a particular category. Ex. rape or spousal abuse is usually assumed to have female victim and male perp.
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SIMULATION HEURISTIC
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People develop mental images of situations and then use these emages to make judgments about facts in their lives. Ex. Drs who imagined being infected by pts reported themselves at greater risk than actuality.
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KELLEY'S PERSONAL CONSTRUCT THEORY
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Believed we perceive the world according to what we expect to see & that our expectations are based on our past experiences. As they change, we revise expectations. Theory views people as active & future oriented. Developed Repertory Grid Technique to map pts conceptual model of the world.
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ATTITUDE
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A learned predisposition to respond to a particular stimulus or situation. Can be formed from direct experience or indirect observation. Has 3 components: COGNITIVE; AFFECTIVE; BEHAVIORAL. 3 components do not always correspond (.15 correlation).
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COGNITIVE ASPECT OF ATTITUDE
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Consists of thoughts & beliefs. i.e. "abortion is not acceptable"
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AFFECTIVE ASPECT OF ATTITUDE
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Involves feelings. I.e. person who opposes abortion may feel frustration about legality of it
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BEHAVIORAL ASPECT OF ATTITUDE
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Consists of predispositions to act in certain ways. Person who has negative thoughts & feelings may protest outside clinics.
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CONSISTENCY THEORIES
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a
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BALANCE THEORY
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A
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SYMMETRY THEORY
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A
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CONGRUITY THEORY
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A
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FESTINGER & CARLSMITH'S EXPERIMENT
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A
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